रूस तथा भारत में उपन्यास

 

r}sa taqaa Baarta maoM {panyaasax:

paiScamaI saaMskRxitakx kRxitayaaoM kox gaÜOr paiScamaI saMskRxita maoM pa`tyaaraopaNa kox dao {dahrNa ¹

लेखक: सिर्गेइ सेरेब्र्यनी

अनुवाद : आ. चारुमति रामदास

 

 

ekx r}saI Baartaivad\ kox ilayao Baarta AaOr r}sa kxI taulanaa kxrnaa hmaoSaa AakxYa-kx rha hOx| magar [na taulanaaAaoM kox ilayao ekx inaYpaXa AaQaarx(kxarNax,AaOicatya) BaI hOx| e. Ta^yanbaI kox SabdaoM maoMx,xr}sa taqaa Baarta daonaaoM x"xmahana gaÜOràpaiScamaI maanavataa kox bahutaaMSa maoM "xsaimmailata hOM " ² | Baarta evama\ r}sa daonaaoM kxa ipaClao taIna saaO vaYaaoo-M (18vaIMà20vaIM SataaibdyaaoM) kxa  [itahasaàkxafÜxI hd takx paiScama kox saaqa saMGaYa- kxI kxhanaI hOx,xAaOr saaqa hIàkxhanaI hO kx[- paiScamaI saaMskRxitakx kRxitayaaoM kox gaÜOràpaiScamaI x"ximaÕIx" maoM sqaanaaMtarNax(pa`tyaaraopaNa) kxIx|

18vaIMà19vaIM SataaibdyaaoM maoM r}saI saama`ajya AaOr iba`iTSa BaartaIya saama`ajya kxI sqaapanaa AaOr ivakxasa kxao {sa vaOiSvakx pa`ik`xyaa kxa ekx AMSa samaJaa jaa sakxtaa hO ijasao saMXaopa maoM x"xpaiScama kxa ivastaarx" kxh sakxtao hOMx| r}saI saama`ajya kxa [itahasa paITr pa`qama kox sauQaaraoM sao AarMBa haotaa hOx,ijasanao paiScama yaUraopaIya saByataa kox kuxC tatvaaoM kxao gaÜOràpaiScamaI r}saI imaÕI maoM pa`sqaaipata kxrnao maoM kxDÜI maohnata kxIx|paITr pa`qama AaOr {sakox {<araiQakxairyaaoM kxI saama`ajya inamaa-Na kxI pa`ik`xyaa Baartax(diXaNa eiSayaa) maoM iba`iTSaaoM kxI saama`ajya

inamaa-Na pa`ik`xyaa kox samaana hOx,xijanhaoMnao BaI [sa pa`ik`xyaa kox daOranaàjaanabaUJakxr yaa saMyaaogavaSaà Baarta kxI gaÜOr paiScamaI imaÕI maoM paiScamaI saByataa kox Anaokx tatvaaoM kxa pa`tyaaraopaNa ikxyaax|

A@sar [na daonaaoM saama`ajyaaoM kox [itahasa ekxdma iBaÙa tarIkÜxaoM sao AaOr iBaÙa SabdaoM maoM saunaayao jaatao hOMx:xx ekx hO r}sa kox pairvata-na kxI kxhanaI ijasao AarMBa ikxyaa AaOr Aagao baZÜayaa svayaM r}isayaaoM naox,xdUsarI hO kxhanaI ek ivadoSaI taakÜxta kxI ekx x"x{painavaoiSatax" yaa x"xAQaInasqax" doSa maoM | magar yah iBaÙataa {tanaI inaiva-vaad nahIM hao sakxtaI ijatanaI ikx pa`taIta haotaI hOx| 18vaIMà19vaIM SataaibdyaaoM maoM Baarta kxa r}paantarNa na koxvala iba`iTSaaoM Warax,xbailkx Anaokx BaartaIyaaoM Wara BaI ikxyaa gayaa qaax,xjaaox,xikxsaI na ikxsaI tarIkÜox saox,xivadoSaI SaasakxaoM kox pa`yatnaaoM maoM Saaimala hao gayao qao AaOróAqavaa {namaoM yaaogadana dotao qaox(kxBaI kxBaI saMSaaoQana BaI kxrtao qao)x|xdUsarI Aaorx,xr}saxkxa r}paantarNa na koxvala paiScamaI yaUraopa kox {dahrNa Wara pa`oirta qaax,xbailkx [sa pa`ik`xyaa maoM 18vaI taqaa 19vaIM SataabdI maoM BaI Anaokx paaScaatya inavaaisayaaoM nao kx[- mahtvapaUNa- BaUimakxayaoM inaBaa[-Mxx|x18xvaIM SataabdI kox {<araQa- sao r}sa kox sama`aT BaI jaataIya r}pa sao r}saI kxI ApaoXaa AiQakx paiScamaI yaUraopaIyax(AiQakxaMSa jama-na) qaox|xpaITr pa`qama Wara AarMBa ikxyao gayao x "xyaUraopaIkxrNax" kox baad ekx Aaor Saasakx taqaa iSaiXata vaga-  AaOr dUsarI Aaor paarMpairkx janataa kox baIca kxI saaMskRxitakx dUrI {sa dUrI sao mauiSkxla sao hI kxma qaI jaao Baarta maoM iba`iTSaaoM x(AaOr saaqa hI yaUraopaIkRxta iSaiXata vaga-) evama\ baakÜxI laaogaaoM kox baIca saaMskRxitakx star par qaIx|  19vaIM SataabdI kox x"slaavaaoifÜxlax" ivacaarkx xr}sa maoM r}saI iSaiXata vaga- kxI x"xivadoiSataax" kxao roKaaMikxta kxrtao hue kxBaI kxBaI {sakxI taulanaa Baarta maoMx iba`iTSaaoM sao ikxyaa kxrtao qaox|

paITr pa`qama nao sana\ 1703 maoM Apanao nayao saama`ajya kxI rajaQaanaIx,xsaoMTàpaITsa-baga- kxax,xnaovaa nadI kox mauhanao par

inamaa-Na ikxyaax,xijasanao mauKya BaUima kxao samaud`aoM AaOr mahasaagaraoM  sao jaaoDÜax|xlagaBaga {saI samayax,xsana\ 1690 kox dSakx kox AMitama vaYaao-M maoMx,xiba`iTSaaoM nao Baarta maoM Apanao saama`ajya kxI BaavaI rajaQaanaIx,xkxlakx<aa kxax(ijasao Aba Baarta maoM kxaolakxtaa) ilaKaa jaataa hO)xinamaa-Na ikxyaax,xgaMgaa koxx,x{sa nadI kox ,xmauhanao parx,xijasanao iba`iTSaaoM kox ilayao mauKya BaUima kxao samaud`aoM evama\ mahasaagaraoM sao jaaoDÜax| paITr pa`qamax(saupa`isaw kxhavata kox Anausaar) x"xyaUraopa maoM iKaDÜkxI Kaaolanaa " caahtao qaox| iba`iTSa caahtao qao x"xBaarta maoM iKaDÜkxI Kaaolanaax"x| daonaaoM hI isqaitayaaoM maoM rajaQaanaI kox ilayao sqaana kxa caunaavax,xjaao rajakxIya evama\ Aaiqa-kx pahlauAaoM kxao dRiYTgata rKakxr ikxyaa gayaa qaax,xsaaOBaagyaSaalaI nahIM rhax:xsaoMTxàpaITsa-baga- AaOr kxlakx<aa kox bauro maaOsama kxI iSakxayataoM k`xmaSa: r}sa taqaa Baarta maoM cacaa- kxa ivaYaya rhI hOMx| daonaaoM rajaQaainayaaoM kox vaastauiSalpa maoM BaI caaOMkxanao vaalaI samaanataayaoM xhOM ³ |

ekx ivaica~a saMyaaogavaSax,daonaaoM Sahr Apanao Apanao saama`ajyaaoM kxI rajaQaainayaa^M nahIM rhox,xlagaBaga ekx hI kxalaKaMDÜ maoMx:xkxlakx<aaàxSaasakxIya r}pa sao sana\ 1911 maoM magar vaastaivakx r}pa sao 1920 kox dSakx kox AarMBa maoMx;xsaoMTxà paITsa-baga-x(jaao taba takx pao~aaooga`ad kxhlaayaa jaanao lagaa qaa) sana\ 1918 maoMx| daonaaoM hI AvasqaaAaoM maoM SaasakxaoM nao rajaQaanaI kxao Apanao pauranao sqaanax,xmauKya BaUima kox koxnd` xmaoM : Baarta mao idllaI taqaa r}sa maoM maa^skxaoxxlao jaanao kxa inaNa-ya ilayaa |

magar yah saMyaaoga nahIM hO ikx r}sa AaOr Baarta daonaaoM maoM pahlao {panyaasax(paiScamaI namaUnao kox AaQaar par ilaKao gayao) k`xmaSa: saoMT paITsa-baga- taqaa kxlakx<aa maoM hI pa`kxaiSata huex|

 ekx saaihityakx ivaQaa kox r}pa maoM {panyaasa {na Anaokx saaMskRxitakx {tpaadaoMàmaud`Nax,xrolagaaDÜIx,xpa`yaaogaatmakx iva&aanax,ivaSvaivaValayax,xsaMsadIya laaokxtan~a Aaid maoM sao ekx qaa jaao paiScama sao Baarta AaOr r}sa daonaaoM maoM hstaaMtairta ikxyao gayao qaox| vaastava maoMx,xvaNa-na evama\ ivaSlaoYaNa kox ekx ivaYaya kox r}pa maoM {panyaasa kxa caunaava kxuC kRxi~amax(ha^Mlaaikx paUrI tarh vaOQa evama\ saamaanya) x"xkxqana kxI naIitaxx" hOx|x{panyaasa kxI ivaQaa kxao r}sa taqaa Baarta daonaaoM maoM hstaaMtairta ikxyaa gayaa qaa ekx AiQakx baDÜo samaga` kox AMSa kox r}pa maoM ijasao x"x(AaQauinakx) saaihtyax" kxhtao hOMx|xvata-maana {_oSyaaoM kox ilayao (AaQauinakxx) saaihtya kxa vaNa-na [sa pa`kxar ikxyaa jaa sakxtaa hOx: (AaQauinakx) saaihtyaxxekx saamaaijakxx(saaMskRxitakx) saMsqaaàevama\àpa`ik`xyaa hOx,ijasakox Antaga-ta Saaimala hO  ikxsaI Xao~aIya BaaYaa   maoM (ivaiBaÙa pa`kxar koxx) mauid`ta  paazaoM (texts) kxa ekx  iSaiXata  samaUh maoM ivatarNa , jaao [na paazaoM kxa x"x{payaaoga kxrtaa hOx" {nhoM paZÜkxrx,xvyai@tagata r}pa sao  (yaa CaoTo CaoTo samaUhaoMx,jaOsao pairvaar maoM)x| jaha^M takx mauJao &aata hOx,xr}sa yaa Baarta maoM ekx samaga` saamaaijakx saaMskRxitakx saMsqaa kox r}pa maoMx AaQauinakx saaihtya kox pa`tyaaraopaNa kxa [itahasa Aba takx ilaKaa nahIM gayaa hOx|xAta: maoro AalaoKa kox ilayao maOMnao [sa AiQakx ivastaRtax(AaOr Aba takx AilaiKata) [itahasax([itahasaaoM) kox ekx AMSa kxao caunaa hOx|x[sa inabaMQa kxa ivaYaya x"taulanaatmakx sqaanaantarNa iva&aanax" yaa "xtaulanaatmakx hstaaMtarNa iva&aanax" kxha jaa sakxtaa hOx|

maOM r}sa sao AarMBa kxrtaa h^MUx,x@yaaoMikx [sa daohrI kxhanaI kxa r}saI ihssaa Saayad AiQakx AcCI tarh sao pairicata haox,xsaMXaopa maoM kxha jaa sakxtaa hao AaOr Saayad maoro AalaoKa kox BaartaIya AMSa kox ilayao ekx pa`kxar kxI paRYzBaUima kxa kxaya- kxrox|

"xAaQauinakx saaihtyax" kxax({}par vaiNa-ta Aqa- maoM) saMsqaakxrNa r}sa maoM AarMBa huAa 18vaIM SataabdI maoMx|r}saI saaihtya kox maanakx [itahasaaoM maoM [sa SataabdI kxao ekx paRqakx kxala KaMDÜ kox r}pa maoMx,x19vaIM taqaa 20vaIM SataabdI kox vaastaivakx AaQauinakx kxala kxI ivastaRta x"xpa`staavanaax" kox r}pa maoM doKaa jaataa hOx| vaakÜx[- maoMx,xekx AaOsata r}pa sao iSaiXata r}saI kxI  "xsaaMskRxitakx smaRitax" 19vaIM AaOr 18vaIM SataaibdyaaoM kxI saImaaroKaa kox paarx,xmaaoTo taaOr sao Alao@saand` paUiSkxnax(1799à1837) evama\ {nakox samakxailakxaoM sao paro nahIM jaataI hOx|

magar ijasa laoKakx kxao Aba pa`qama r}saI {panyaasakxar maanaa jaataa hO ,x{sakxa inaQana paUiSkxna kox janma sao paUva- hI hao gayaax|xr}sa maoM {sao FÜyaaodaor emaIna kox naama sao jaanaa jaataa hOx(jaIvanakxala :x1735à1770)x| yah Aakxismakx nahIM hO ikx ijasa vyai@ta nao sava-pa`qama r}sa maoM {panyaasa kxI ivaQaa kxa pa`tyaaraopaNa ikxyaa vah ekx ivadoSaI qaax(ekx A&aata jaaitagata paircaya vaalaax; Saayad Aamao-inayanax,xyaa hao sakxtaa hO vlaaKaÜx (maldaivayanaór}maainayanax) yaa diXaNaI slaava haox,xmagar Qama- sao mauislama qaax,xlaMdna isqata r}saI dUtaavaasa maoM baaiptajÜmaa haonao sao pahlao)x| [staambaUlax(yaa kxaonsTainTnaaopaaola) maoM janmaax,[TlaI maoM iSaiXatax(kxhtao hOM ikx {sao laOiTna taqaa Anaokx AaQauinakx yaUraopaIya BaaYaaAaoM kxa &aana qaa) emaIna saoMT paITsa-bauga- Aayaa sana\ 1761 maoM AaOr Anaokx sqaanaaoM par taqaa k^xqarIna iWtaIya kox x" man~aImaMDÜlax" takx Anauvaadkx kox r}pa maoM kxama kxrtaa rhax|xdsa vaYaao-M sao kxma samaya maoM {sanao {ÙaIsa paustakoMx pa`kxaiSata kxIMx,ijanamaoM AiQakxaMSa {panyaasa qaox,paiScamaI yaUraopaIya namaUnaaoM par ilaKao gayaox|x{sakox  {panyaasa  "AnsT- AaOr daorava`a kox pa~ax" (1766) kxao jaanaàjaakx r}saao kox "Julie, ou la Nouvelle Heloise" (1761) kxI paunar-canaa kxha jaa sakxtaa hOx| magar Aaja kox r}sa maoM emaIna kox {panyaasa paZÜo jaatao hOMx(Agar eosaa hO taao) koxvala saaihtya kox [itahasakxaraoM Warax|

sabasao AarMiBakx r}saI {panyaasa ijasao r}isayaaoM Wara ABaI BaI baDÜo caava sao paZÜa jaataa hOx, vah hO x"xyaovgaonaI Aaonaoiganax" "xAlao@saand` paUiSkxna Wara ricata paVatmakx {panyaasax"x(jaOsaa ikx {sakxa {paSaIYa-kx hO)x,xjaao ilaKaa gayaa qaa 1823à1831 kox daOranax(pahlaa sampaUNa- saMskxrNax: saoMTàpaITsa-bauga-x,1833)|xsaaihtya kox [itahasakxar Anaokx paiScamaI yaUraopaIya kRxitayaaoM kxI Aaor [Saara kxrtao hOMx,ijanhaoMnao paUiSkxna kxao pa`oirta ikxyaa haogaax(ikxyaa qaa) AaOr jaao x"xyaovgaonaI Aaonaoiganax" kox ilayao ekx pa`kxar kox x"xmaa^Dolax" (pa`itar}pax,xnamaUnaax)xrho haoMgaox| sabasao pahlao {llaoKa ikxyaa jaataa hO baoMjaamaoM kxaonstaaM kox x"xADÜaolfÜxx"(1816) taqaa jaa^ja- baayarna kox  x"xDa^na jauAanax" (1818à1823)xkxax| ifÜxr BaI x"xyaovgaonaI Aaonaoiganax" ekx Atyanta maaOilakx kRxita hOx(kxma sao kxma r}isayaaoM kxI kxlpanaa maoM)x,xvaakÜx[- samaUcao r}saI saaihtya kox mahanatama {panyaasaaoM maoM sao ekx hOx| 20vaIM SataabdI maoMx,xkxafÜxI baad takxx,xx"xyaovgaonaI Aaonaoiganax" kxaox(jaha^M takx mauJao maalaUma hO) r}sa kox baahr baDÜo paOmaanao par saraha nahIM gayaa qaax| magar SataabdI kox {<araQa- maoM AMga`ojaÜI maoM [sakox kx[- Anauvaad pa`kxaiSata huex,AaOr [namaoM sao ekx (sana\ 1977 maoMx,xcaalsa- jaa^nsTna Wara ⁴ ) nao BaartaIya laoKakx ivak`xma saoz (janma 1952x,xkxlakx<aa maoMx!x) kxao pa`oirta ikxyaa Apanaa paVatmakx {panyaasa x"xid gaaolDna gaoTx"x(AMga`ojaÜI maoM)  ilaKanao kox ilayaox,xjaao inaiScata r}pa sao x"xyaovgaonaI Aaonaoiganax" kox namaUnao par AaQaairta hOx⁵ | [sa taqya kxa {payaaoga yah isaw kxrnao kox ilayao ikxyaa jaa sakxtaa hO ikx paUiSkxna kox {panyaasa kxao Aba x"xivaSva saaihtyax" kxI ekx mahtvapaUNa- rcanaa kox r}pa maoM dRZÜ maanyataa imala caukxI hOx|

magar pahlao r}saI {panyaasakxar ijanakxI rcanaaAaoM kxao r}sa sao baahr 1880 kox dSakx maoM pa`isawI pa`apta hu[-x,xpahlao paiScama yaUraopa maoM AaOr {sakox baadx,yaha^M sao SaoYa ivaSva maoMx,paUiSkxna sao lagaBaga dao paIiZÜyaa^M CaoTo qaox|xAba taao {nakoxà[-vaana taugao-naovax(1818à1883)x,xFÜyaaodaorxdaostaaoyaovskxIx(1821à1881) ,xlaova Ta^lsTa^yax(1828à1910)xxkoxànaama vaakÜx[- maoM samaUcao ivaSva maoM fÜOla caukox hOMx|saaMskRxitakx inaima-itax({panyaasa)x,jaao r}sa maoM paiScama sao Aayaa qaax,r}isayaaoM Wara [tanaI kuxSalataa sao saMjaaoyaa AaOr sampaUNa- ikxyaa gayaa ikx [sakox r}saI r}pax(r}paantar) paiScamavaaisayaaoM kox paasa lagaBaga ekx pa`kxar kox rhsyaaod\GaaTna kox r}pa maoM vaapasa paMhucaox|

ivaKyaata r}saI jama-naivad\ iva@tar iJamaU-nskxIx(1891à1971) ApanaI paustakx "r}saI saaihtya maoM gyaaoqaox" (pa`qama saMskxrNa 1937) maoM ekx saMkxlpanaax rKatao hOMxx(kxh sakxtao hOMx,ekx AvaQaarNaa pa`stauta kxrtao hOM) jaaox,xmaoro ivacaar saox,x[sa laoKa kox ivaYaya kox ilayao taqaa Aama taaOr sao saaMskRxitakx hstaaMtarNa kox AQyayana kox ilayao kxafÜxI mahtvapaUNa- hOx| iJamaU-nskxI ilaKatao hOMx: x"x18vaIM SataabdI kox jama-na baujau-Aa saaihtya kxI AarMiBakx Avasqaa ABaI BaI kxafÜxI hd takx raYT/Iya maaOilakxtaa Wara pa`diSa-ta nahIM haotaI hOx AaOr vah paiScama kox ivakxisata saaihtyaaoMx,f`ÜaMsaIsaI taqaa AMga`ojaÜI ,xkox namaUnaaoM kxa AnausarNa kxrtaI hO.....êkoxvalaë yauvaa gyaaoqao kxI rcanaaAaoM sao hI jama-na baujau-Aa saaihtya pahlaI baar svatan~a r}pa sao ivaSvaàmaMca par pa`ivaYT huAa..."vaoqao-rx"...pahlaI kRxita qaI ikxsaI jama-na laoKakx kxI jaao yauvaa jama-na baujau-Aa saaihtya xkxao pa`aMtaIyataax

(saMkxINa-taa ?) evaM svayaMàsaovaax(maUla r}saI maoM : samoobsluviwanie--samo-obsluzhivaniye) kxI Avasqaa sao x"xivaSva saaihtyax" kox raja maagaao-M par laa[-x ⁶ |

ijasa saMkxlpanaax(AvaQaarNaa) kxI Aaor maOM Qyaana AakxiYa-ta kxrnaa caahUMgaax,vah hO "xsamo-obsluzhivanie" (r}saI Sabd jama-na Selbstbedienung yaa AMga`ojaÜI self-service kxa PNaanauvaad hO)x|xhma iJamaU-nskxI kxI saMiXapta iTppaNaI kxI inamna pa`kxar sao vyaaKyaa kxr sakxtao hOMx| jaba kxao[- saaMskRxitakx

inaima-ita ekx saMskRxita sao dUsarI maoM pa`tyaaraoipata haotaI hOx,taao pahlao {sakxa nayao vaataavarNa maoM pairYkxar ikxyaa jaataa hOx,x{sa tarIkÜox sao jaao kxafÜxI saSa@ta r}pa sao {saI vaataavarNa Warax,x{sakxI parMparaAaoM evama\ AavaSyakxtaaAaoM Wara inaQaa-irta ikxyaa jaataa hOx,AaOr [saIilayao [sa inaima-ita kox nayao

x"sqaanaIyax" saMSaaoQana maoM koxvala [saI vaataavarNa maoM r]ica haotaI hOx(yahIMM vah "xibakx sakxtaa hOx")x,x AaOr ApanaI janma BaUima maoM vah Apanao pa`ita kxao[- idlacaspaI paOda nahIM kxr sakxtaax|x[saI kxao iJamaU-nskxI x"xpa`aMtaIyataa AaOr svayama\àsaovaa kxI Avasqaax" kxhtao hOMx| magar kuxC samaya paScaata\ navaInatar x"xsqaanaIyax" saMSaaoQana pairpaUNa-taa kxI eosaI Avasqaa kxao paMhuca sakxtao hOMxx(AaOr ijasao saava-BaaOimakxtaa kxha jaa sakxtaa hO) ikx vao  na koxvala x"xsqaanaIya r}pa saox" x,xbailkx maUla inaima-ita kxI janma BaUima samaota Anya sqaanaaoM par BaIx("xvaOiSvakx star parx")

AakxYa-kx hao jaatao hOMx|xpaiScama kxI saaihityakx ivaQaa {panyaasa kox saaqa r}sa maoM yahI huAax|

Aba hma Baarta AaOr BaartaIya saaihtya kxI Aaor mauDÜtao hOMx| r}saI saaihtya sao iBaÙax,xyaha^M hmaaro saamanao hO ekx kxafÜxI jaiTlax,bahuBaaYaI evama\x ,vaastava maoMxx, bahusaaMskRxtaIya GaTnaax,x@yaaoMikx ekx saaMskRxitakx Xao~a kox r}pa maoM Baartax(diXaNa eiSayaa) kxI  yaUraopa sao (yaa kxma sao kxma paiScamaI yaUraopa sao) taulanaa kxI jaa sakxtaI hOx,xAaOr BaartaIya saaihtya [tanaIx jaiTlaxx(saMimaEa`) x"vastaux" (yaa ekx x"ivacaarx"x, ekx AvaQaarNaa) hO ,xijatanaa ikx yaUraoipayana saaihtya <sup>7</sup> |xekx saupa`isaw BaartaIya saaihtyakxar kRxYNa kRxpalaanaI nao ekx baar ilaKaa qaax: " BaartaIya saaihtya à yah Sabd gaumarah kxr sakxtaa hOx,xjaba takx [sao lagaBaga {tanao hI ivastaRta Aqa- maoM na ilayaa jaayao jaOsao ikx SabdàyaUraoipayana saaihtya...... [sakxIx(Baarta kxIàsao.sao.) BaaYaaAaoM evaM saaihtya kxI baaOKalaanao vaalaI ivaivaQataa yaUraopa kxI BaaYaaAaoM evama\ saaihtyaaoM kxI ivaivaQataa sao pa`itaWinWtaa kxrtaI hOxx" <sup>8</sup>x| samaUcao BaartaIya taqaa yaUraopaIya saaihtyaaoM kxax,xk`xmaSa: {nakxIxeoitahaisakx vaRiw taqaa ivakxasa kox pairpa`oXya maoMx taulanaatmakx AQyayana x(jaha^M takx mauJao &aata hO) ABaI takx ikxyaa nahIM gayaa hOx| yah vaastava maoM SaaoQa kxa ekx AakxYa-kx Xao~a hao sakxtaa hOx| vata-maana saMdBa- maoM yah kxhnaa payaa-pta hO ikx x"xBaartaIya saaihtyax" kxI AvaQaarNaa kxao  yaUraopa sao Baarta maoM un transfert culturel (saaMskRxitakx pa`tyaaraopaNa) kox r}pa maoM samaJaa jaa sakxtaa hOx| yah AvaQaarNaa 19vaIMM SataabdI kox yaUraopaIya ivaWanaaoMx(BaartaivadaoM) kxI ekx pairkxlpanaa  hOxx(ekx fÜOxSanaobala Sabd kxa pa`yaaoga kxroM taao) <sup>9</sup> | sava-pa`qamax,x[sa baata par cacaa- kxI jaa sakxtaI hO ikx Baarta kxI hI AvaQaarNaa BaIxàekx eoitahaisakx evama\ saaMskRxitakx samaga`taa kox r}pa maoMxx,xvaOidkx kxalax,xbaaOw Qama-x,xjaOna Qama-x,xtatpaScaata\ kox ihndutvax,xtaqaakxiqata  "x[slaamaàkxala KaNDÜx" AaOr taqaakxiqata "xiba`iTSa àkxalaKaNDÜ kxao samaavaoiSata kxrnao vaalao r}pa maoMà19vaIMx(yaa 18vaIM) SataabdI maoM paiScamaI ivaWanaaoM kxI pairkxlpanaa hO AaOr ijasao svayaM (kuxCx,xsaBaI nahIM) BaartaIyaaoM nao BaI maanyataa dI qaIx|xdUsarox,svayaM saaihtya kxI hIx(BaartaIya saaihtya  r}paI ekx jaiTla AvaQaarNaa kox ekx AMSa kox r}pa maoM) vyaapakx AvaQaarNaa BaI yaUraopa sao hI Aa[- hOx|

yaUraoipayana saaihtya  kxI AvaQaarNaa BaI ekx ivalamba sao janmaI pairkxlpanaa  hI hOx,xmagar yah mauiSkxla sao hI saaMskRxitakx pa`tyaaraopaNa  (transfert culturel) kxa {dahrNa hOx,@yaaoMikx yah pairkxlpanaa  {saI saaMskRxitakx parMpara kox Antaga-ta {idta hu[- qaIx,xijasakox ekx AMSa kxa vaNa-na kxrnaa [sakxa {_oSya hOx|xSaayad yah AvaQaarNaa un transfert temporel (kxalaavaiQa kxa pa`tyaaraopaNa) kxhI jaa sakxtaI hOx,x@yaaoMikx yah vaastava maoM ekx kxalaKaNDÜ kox ivacaaraoM kxa Anyax(BaUta) kxalaKaNDÜaoM maoM hstaaMtarNa kxrtaI hOx|

 BaartaIya saaihtya kxI Aaor vaapasa AayaoM taao ,xsabasao pahlaox,xhma [sakox [itahasa maoM yaUraopa kox @laaisakxlaxx(ga`Ikx taqaa raomana) saaihtyaaoM kox pa`itar}pa kxao doKa sakxtao hOMx| ina:saMdohx,xyah saMskRxta saaihtya hI hO ijasakxa ekx AiKala BaartaIyax(AiKala {pamahaWIpaIya) djaa- qaa (AaOr kuxC hd takx ABaI BaI hO ) ¹⁰ |xxsaMskRxta BaaYaaxx(xga`Ikx evama\ laOiTna kxI ekx x"x[nDaoàyaUraoipayanax" irStaodarx)xko x samaUcao diXaNa eiSayaa maoM mahtva kxI taulanaa yaUraopa maoM ga`Ikx AaOr laOiTna kox mahtva sao kxI jaa sakxtaI hOx| diXaNa eiSayaa maoM saMskRxta kxI inayaita kxI taulanaa yaUraopa maoM laOiTna kox Baagya sao kxI jaa sakxtaI hOx|laOiTna ikxnhIM ivaiSaYT laaogaaoM kxI baaolacaala kxI BaaYaa na rhnao par BaI dIGa- kxala takx yaUraopa maoM {cca saMskRxita evama\ saaihtya kxI x"xAiKala {pamahaWIpaIyax" (AaOr x"x@laaisakxlax") BaaYaa banaI rhIx| magar samaya kox saaqa saaqa laOiTna kxao QaIro QaIro baahr inakxala idyaa gayaa AaOr {sakxa sqaana lao ilayaa raomaansa BaaYaaAaoM ([sakox yauvaa saMbaMiQayaaoM) naox,xAaOr Anya BaaYaa[- samaUhaoM kxI BaaYaaAaoM naox(jÜyaadatar jamao-inakx AaOr slaaivakx)x,xjaao ekx pa`kxar sao laOiTna kxI x"xd<akx saMtaanax" bana gayaox|xdUsarI sahs~aabdI ([-saa paScaata\) maoM yaUraopa kxa ivakxasa ivaiBaÙa rajyaaoM kox saMGaTna  kox r}pa maoM huAax,xkuxC sabasao baDÜo rajyax,xraYT/Iya rajya qaox,x{nakxI ApanaI ApanaI raYT/Iya BaaYaae^M qaIM AaOr [sailayao yaUraoipayana saaihtya kxa [itahasa A@sar raYT/Iya saaihtyaaoM  kox Anaokx [itahasaaoM kox r}pa maoM vaiNa-ta  ikxyaa jaataa hOx( ha^Mlaaikx eosao vaNa-na  kox AaOicatya par savaailayaa inaSaana laga sakxtaa hO)x¹¹ |

diXaNa eiSayaa maoM BaI saMskRxta kxao QaIro QaIro [sakox "xyauvaa irStaodaraoM " ([NDaoàAaya-na BaaYaaAaoM) AaOr kx[- x"xd<akx saMtaanaaoMx(d`ivaDÜx) BaaYaaAaoM Wara ekx ikxnaaro KadoDÜ idyaa gayaax| yah kxhanaI [sakox yaUraopaIya pa`itar}pa kxI ApaoXaa kxhIM AiQakx i@laYT hOx, magar yaha^M hmaoM {sao {sakxI paUrI jaiTlataa maoM nahIM doKanaa hO ,xAipatau hma saMXaopa maoM kuxC ibanduAaoM kxa {llaoKa kxroMgao jaao hmaaro ivaYaya kox ilayao AnaukUxla hOMx ¹² |  

mausalamaanaaoM naox,xjaao {pamahaWIpa maoM 13vaIM sao 18vaIM SataabdI takx pa`mauKa rajanaIitakx Sai@ta qaox,xdiXaNa eiSayaa maoM [slaama kxI dao pa`mauKa ("x@laaisakxla") BaaYaaAaoMx:xxArbaI AaOr fÜxarsaI kxa pa`tyaaraopaNa ikxyaax| 16vaIM AaOr 17vaIM SataaibdyaaoM maoM lagaBaga paUro diXaNa eiSayaa {pamahaWIpa par maugaÜla saama`ajya sqaaipata hao gayaax| pa`Saasanax(saaqa hI [itahasa Saas~ax,xkxavya [tyaaid ) kxI BaaYaa [sa saama`ajya maoM fÜxarsaI qaIx| 18vaIM SataabdI kox {<araQa- sao carmarataa huAa maugaÜla saama`ajya  QaIro QaIro  x"x{<araiQakxar maoM imala gayaax"xxiba`iTSaaoM kxaox,xijanhaoMnao Apanao saama`ajya kxa inamaa-Na ikxyaax(SaasakxIya r}pa sao [sakxI GaaoYaNaa hu[- sana\ 1858 maoM)x| fÜxarsaI kxao ekx rajakxIyaxx(AaOrx,xekx tarh saox,xx"x@laaisakxlax") AiKalaà{pamahaWIpaIya pa`Saasana evama\ saMskRxita kxI BaaYaa kox r}pa maoM AMga`ojaÜI Wara sqaanaaMtairta kxr idyaa gayaax| AaOr Aaja BaI svatan~a BaartaIya gaNarajya maoM pa`SaasakxIya evama\ saaMskRxitakx ekxtaa AiQakxtar AMga`ojaÜI Wara hI pa`dana kxI jaataI hOx| AMga`ojaÜI kxao vaastava maoM ekx BaartaIya BaaYaa  samaJaa jaataa hO ,xjaao vaakÜx[- maoM vah bana BaI ga[- hOàAnaokx BaartaIya BaaYaaAaoM maoM sao ekx  AaOr Saayad ekx primus inter pares |

AaQauinakx BaartaIya doSaI BaaYaae^M ,xAaQauinakx yaUraoipayana BaaYaaAaoM kxI Baa^Mitax,xjÜyaadatar [-saa paScaata\ dUsarI sahs~aabdI maoM Aistatva maoM Aa[-Mx| AaQauinakx (paiScamaI) yaUraoipayana BaaYaae^M kuxC SataaibdyaaoM takx laOiTna kxI C~aCayaa maoM rhIMx| [saI pa`kxar AaQauinakx BaartaIya BaaYaae^M BaI kuxC SataaibdyaaoM takx ApanaI x"@laaisakxlax" BaaYaaAaoM kxI C~aCayaa maoM rhIMx:   ihnduAaoM kox ilayao  yah qaI saMskRxtax,xmausalamaanaaoM kox ilayao ArbaI taqaa fÜxarsaI evama\ 18vaIM SataabdI kox Anta saox daonaaoM hI kox ilayao AMga`ojaÜI |x20vaIM SataabdI kox AMitama carNa takx diXaNa eiSayaa maoM paiScama yaUraopaIya x"raYT/Iya rajyaaoM " jaOsaI kxao[- caIjaÜ nahIM qaIx,xAta: hma mauiSkxla sao hI x"xraYT/Iyax" BaaYaaAaoM taqaa x"xraYT/Iyax" saaihtyaaoM kox baaro maoM kuxC kxh sakxtao hOMx| ifÜxr BaI AaQauinakx BaartaIya BaaYaae^M ivakxisata haotaI rhIMx,AaOr 19vaIM taqaa 20vaIM SataaibdyaaoM maoM {namaoM sao Anaokx BaaYaaAaoM maoM AaQauinakx saaihtyaaoM  kxI {tpai<a hu[- ¹³ | Aaja BaartaIya gaNarajya kxI saaihtya AkxadmaI 22 saaihityakx BaaYaaAaoMx(saMskRxta AaOr AMga`ojaÜI samaota) kxao maanyataa dotaI hO ¹⁴ |

AaQauinakx saaihtya  sao ,xjaOsaa ikx {}par kxha jaa caukxa hOx,taatpaya- hO ekx saamaaijakxx(saaMskRxitakx) saMsqaaàevama\àpa`ik`xyaa sao ijasakox Antaga-ta ikxsaI Xao~aIya BaaYaa  maoM (ivaiBaÙa pa`kxar kox) mauid`ta  paazaoM (texts) kxa ekx iSaiXata  samaudaya kox baIca ivatarNa ikxyaa jaataa hO ,xjaao [na paazaoM kxa "x{payaaogax" kxrtao hOM [nhoM inajaI r}pa maoM (yaa CaoTo CaoTo samaUhaoM maoMx,xjaOsao pairvaar maoM) paZÜkxrx | "xAaQauinakxx" Sabd sao yaha^M evama\ Anya sqaanaaoM par matalaba hO x"xpaiScamaIx"x,xkxma sao kxma x"xpaiScamaI maUla kxax" ¹⁵| Ata: r}sa taqaa Baarta daonaaoM maoM AaQauinakx saaihtyaaoM kox inamaa-Na kxa Aqa- qaax,x Anya baataaoM kox Alaavaax,xivaiBaÙa paiScamaI saaihityakx ivaQaaAaoM kxa k`xmaSa: r}saI AaOr BaartaIya BaaYaaAaoM maoM pa`tyaaraopaNa AaOr pairNaamaI GarolaUkxrNax| {panyaasa [nhIM ivaQaaAaoM maoM sao ekx qaax|

r}saI maoM x"x{panyaasax" kox ilayao Sabd hO roman ({ccaarNax:xx"raomaanax")x,xjaao yaa taao jama-na sao yaa ifÜxr saIQao fÜ`oMca BaaYaa sao ilayaa gayaa hOx|xkx[- BaartaIya BaaYaaAaoM maoM x"x{panyaasax" kox ilayao koxvala AMga`ojaÜI Sabd novel hI pa`yau@ta haotaa hOxx([sakox ivaiBaÙa {ccaarNaaoMàsaMSaaoQanaaoM kox saaqa)x|

BaartaIya saMdBa- maoM {panyaasa kxI navaInataa [sa taqya sao roKaaMikxta kxI jaataI hO ikx AaQauinakx BaartaIya BaaYaaAaoM maoM 19vaIM SataabdI sao pahlao bahuta kxmax(Agar kxao[- qaa taao) gaV qaax| [na BaaYaaAaoM maoM jaao kuxC BaI rcaa gayaa qaax(AaOr [namaoM sao Anaokx rcanaae^M taao mahana saaihityakx kRxitayaa^MóQaaima-kx rcanaae^M qaIM)x,vah lagaBaga hmaoSaa paV r}pa maoM qaax,na ikx gaV r}pa maoMx|xdiXaNa eiSayaa kxI pa`acaIna @laaisakxla BaaYaaAaoMx,xsaMskRxta taqaa fÜxarsaI maoM BaIx,kxqanaatmakx gaV taulanaatmakx r}pa sao kxafÜxI kxma maa~aa maoM qaax,xAaOr ,xbaoSakx,xAaQauinakx {panyaasa jaOsaI kxao[- ivaQaa nahIM qaIx|xkuxCx(magar AiQakx nahIM) sarla SabdaoM maoM kxhoM taaox,vah saIQaax,xsapaaTx,kxqanaatmakx gaVx,ijasakxa saMbaMQa hma {panyaasa kxI ivaQaa sao jaaoDÜtao hOMx,xBaarta maoM yaUraopa sao 19vaIM SataabdI maoM pa`tyaaraoipata ikxyaa gayaa qaax|

[sa transfert culturel (saaMskRxitakx pa`tyaaraopaNax) kxa paUra [itahasa AaOr na hI {sakox ekx AMSax,xBaarta kxI imaÕI maoM {panyaasa kox pa`tyaaraopaNa kxax, paUra [itahasa Aba takx ilaKaa nahIM gayaa hOx|magar daonaaoM ikÜxssaaoM kxI saamaanya r}paroKaae^M kxmaaobaoSa &aata hOMx| [sa pa`ik`xyaa maoM saMlagna kxma sao kxma taIna yaa caar pa`kxar kox maanavaIya maaQyamaaoM AaOr pa`orNaaAaoM kxao hma pahcaana sakxtao hOM |pahlaax,[-saa[- imaSanarIx(ivaiBaÙa saMpa`dayaaoM kox) jaao Apanaa saMdoSa x"xmaUita-paUjakxaoMMx"x tak  paMhucaanao kox ilayao {tsaukx qaox|xkuxC BaartaIya BaaYaaAaoM maoM pahlaI gaVatmakx rcanaayaoM imaSanairyaaoM Wara ilaKao gayao laGau inabaMQa evama\óAqavaa baa[ibala kox paazaoM koxx(gaaospaolsa koxx,xyaa paUro nyaU TosTamaoMT kox ,xyaa paUrI baa[ibala kox BaI) Anauvaad qaox|xkxma sao kxma ekx BaartaIya BaaYaax(Asaimayaa) maoM pa`qama {panyaasaaoM maoM sao ekx ("kxaimanaIkxantaar cair~ax" , êkxaimanaIkxanta kxa jaIvanaëx,xlaoKakxx:xxe.kox. gaunao-x,x1877x) ¹⁶ ekx imaSanarI Wara ilaKaa huAa bataayaa jaataa hOx|xAnya yaUraoipayana paustakxaoM kox Anauvaad BaartaIya BaaYaaAaoM maoM saamaanyata: gaV kox evama\ ivaSaoYata: {panyaasa kox pa`tyaaraopaNa kxa mahtvapaUNa- Baaga qaox|x[sa tarh  banyana kox "Pilgrim's Progress"  kxa Anauvaad Anaokx BaaYaaAaoM maoM huAax,ijasanao BaavaI {panyaasaaoM kox ilayao ekx namaUnao kxa kxama ikxyaax| banyana kxI paustakx kxa Anauvaad yaa taao imaSanairyaaoM nao ikxyaa yaa ifÜxr [-saa[- Qama- maoM pairvaita-ta hue BaartaIyaaoM naox|xkxma sao kxma dao BaartaIya BaaYaaAaoM maoM pa`qama {panyaasa BaI eosao Qama- pairvaita-taaoM Wara ilaKao gayao qaox: marazI maoM ("yamaunaaàpaya-Tnax"x,xlaoKakxxx: baabaa paÔnajaIx,1857) taqaa taimala maoM ("iparatapaa mautailayaar sairi<armax" ê" pa`taapa maudilayaar kxa jaIvanaëx,laoKakxx: saomyauAla vaodnaayakxma\ ipallaox,x1879) ¹⁷ |

iba`iTSa pa`Saasakx BaI kxBaI kxBaI BaartaIya BaaYaaAaoM maoM gaV rcanaaAaoMxx({panyaasaaoM) kxao janma donao maoM kxarNaIBaUta rho hOMx| {nakox [radox,xkx[- dSaaAaoM maoMx,xiSaXaa sao saMbaMiQata pa`taIta haotao hOMx| [sa pa`kxar ,xgaujarataI kxa pahlaa {panyaasa nandSaMkxr maohtaax(maRtyau 1905) Wara x"xiSaXaaàivaBaaga kox ekx [Mspao@Trx,ximasTr rsaolax,xkox Aaga`h par ,xijasakox maatahta vao kxaya- kxrtao qaxox"x,ilaKaa huAa bataayaa jaataa hOx| sana\ 1866 maoM ilaKaI ga[- yah paustakxx,x"kxrNa Gaolaaox" gaujarataI kxa xpa`qama eoitahaisakx {panyaasax,xyaa AiQakx {icata haogaa yaid kxhoM ikx gaujarataI kxa pahlaa raomaansa  qaa |xyah {panyaasa gaujarata kox AMitama ihndU rajaa kxrNa vaGaolaao kox patana kxI GaTnaa par AaQaairta hOx,xijasao {sakox icaDÜicaDÜo svaBaava kox kxarNa  {sakox kuxla naama vaGaolaao kox sqaana par Gaolaaox(paagala) kxha kxrtao qaoxx" ¹⁸ |[sa baata kxI kxafÜxI saMBaavanaa hO ikx gaujarataI laoKakx nao vaa^lTr skxa^T Wara ricata eoitahaisakx {panyaasa (raomaansa) paZÜo qao AaOr {sanao [itahasa kxao lailata saaihtya maoM pairvaita-ta kxrnao kxI {nakxI takxnaIkx kxao ApanaI rcanaaAaoM maoM hstaaMtairta kxrnaa caahax| [sa saMbaMQa maoM yah baata Qyaana donao yaaogya hO ikx 19vaIM SataabdI maoM svayaM [itahasa kxa ivacaar ihndU maanaisakxtaa maoM QaIro QaIro samaa rha qaax|xxpaarMpairkx ihndU maanaisakxtaa maoM [itahasa jaOsaI kxao[- caIjÜax,x[sa Sabd kox hmaarox(paiScamaI) Aqa-  maoMx,xnahIM qaIx|

magarx,xbaoSakxx,x19vaIM taqaa 20vaIM SataaibdyaaoM maoM AiQakxaMSa BaartaIya {panyaasa eosao BaartaIyaaoM Wara ilaKao gayao qao ijanhaoMnao na taao [-saa[- Qama- kxao Apanaayaa qaax,xna hI kxayaa-laya maoM Apanao iba`iTSa AfÜxsaraoM Wara pa`orNaa paa[- qaIx| {nakox {_oSya mauKyata: vaOsao hI qaox,jaao paiScamaI laoKakxaoM kxao Apanao {panyaasa ilaKanao kox ilayao pa`oirta kxrtao qao AaOr kxrtao hOMx|

pyaarIcand ima~ax(1814à1883)x,xekx kxlakx<aavaasaI baMgaalaI naox,xsana\ 1850 kox dSakx kox maQya maoM baMgaalaI kxa pa`qama {panyaasax,xAaOr saamaanyata: pa`qama BaartaIya {panyaasa "Alaalaor Garor dulaalax" (ijasakxa Anauvaad hao sakxtaa hO

x" baDÜo Gar kxa ibagaDÜa baoTax") ilaKaax|xxyah {panyaasa pahlao ekx sastaI maaisakx pai~akxa maoM k`xmaSa: pa`kxaiSata huAax,xijasakxa pa`kxaSana laoKakx svayaM ikxyaa kxrtao qaox,xAaOr x"x[sakxa {_oSya qaa maihlaaAaoM kxI {Ùaita evama\ {nakxa manaaorMjanax" <sup>19</sup> |xBaUimakxa maoM laoKakx nao ilaKaa qaa ikx {nakxI rcanaa kxa pa`mauKa {_oSya baccaaoM kox gaÜlata ZMga sao laalanaàpaalana kox hainakxarkx pairNaamaaoM kxao dSaa-naa qaax| {panyaasa kxI kxqaavastau ekxdma sarla hOx| kxlakx<aa maoM ekx x"xnava saMBa`antax" ihndU kox dao pau~a hOMx| baDÜa pau~a Anauicata ZMga sao ikxyao gayao laalanaàpaalana kox kxarNa ibagaDÜ gayaa hOx| ipataa kxI maRtyau kox baad vah baurI saMgata maoM paDÜ jaataa hOx,x{sakxI daOlata ifÜxjaÜUla KaÜcaI- maoM {DÜa dotaa hO AaOr inaQa-na hao jaataa hOx| magar {sakxa sadacaarI CaoTa Baa[- {sakxI madd kox ilayao Aataa hO AaOr gaÜrIba Baa[- kxao sanmaaga- par laanao maoM safÜxla hao jaataa hOx|x(kuxC BaartaIya ivaWana yah davaa kxrtao hOM ikx pyaarIcand ima~a nao fÜxIilDMga kox "Ta^ma jaaonsax" kxa Apanao {panyaasa kox ilayao namaUnao kox taaOr par pa`yaaoga ikxyaax,magar [sa baata par mataO@ya nahIM hO)x|

[sa iGasaI ipaTI kxqaaàvastau evama\ sarla {padoSaatmakxtaa kox paICox,xmaora ivaSvaasa hO ikxx,xhma AaQauinakxtaa kxI kuxC baDÜI samasyaaAaoM kxao mahsaUsa kxr sakxtao hOMx,xjaao Anaokx ,xna koxvala BaartaIya ,x{panyaasaaoM maoM dRiYTgaaocar haotaI hOMx| yao samasyaae^M hOM badlatao hue saamaaijakx pairvaoSa maoM ekx vyai@ta kxI samasyaae^Mx|yah vyai@ta parMparagata maUlyaaoM kox AaQaar parx(jaao {sao laalanaàpaalana evama\ iSaXaa Wara saaOMpao BaI nahIM jaatao) nahIM jaI sakxtaax,AaOr na hI vah svayama\ Apanao ilayao na[- maanyataaAaoM kxI talaaSa kxr sakxtaa hOx| pairNaama vah haotaa hO ijasao emaIla duKao-max(E.Durkheim) nao anomie kxha hO (ihndI maoM [sa f`oMxca Sabd kxa Anauvaad " AQaaima-kxtaax" hao sakxtaa hOx)x| vyai@ta kxI eosaI isqaita kxao jaDÜhInataa BaI kxha jaa sakxtaa hOx| yah kxao[- saMyaaoga nahIM hO ikx pahlaa BaartaIya {panyaasa ilaKaa gayaa ekx jaDÜhIna vyai@ta kox baaro maoM AaOr vah pa`kxaiSata huAa kxlakx<aa maoMx,yaanaox{sa Sahr maoM ijasakxI jaDÜoM sqaanaIya imaÕI maoM nahIM hOMx|x{panyaasa kox laoKakxx,xpyaarIcand ima~ax,xihnduAaoM kxI {sa pahlaI paIZÜI sao qaox,xijanakxao AMga`ojaÜI iSaXaa pa`apya qaIx,xAaOr Ata: {nhoM BalaI Baa^Mita &aata qaa ikx saMskRxitayaaoM kox Tkxrava AaOr taIva` gaita sao hao rho saaMskRxitakx pairvata-na vyai@ta kox ilayao ikxsa pa`kxar kox maanaisakx tanaava {tpaÙa kxr sakxtao hOMx|

pyaarIcand ima~a Wara ilaKaI ga[- [sa kxqaa kxao baMgaalaI AaOr BaartaIya saaihtya kox [itahasa maoM gaaOrvapaUNa- sqaana pa`apta hOx| magar [sao Aaja Aama baMgaalaI paazkxaoM Wara {panyaasa  kox r}pa maoMx,xekx saaihityakx kRxita kox r}pa maoM ,xmauiSkxla sao hI paZÜa jaayaogaax|xAaOr yaid {sakxa ABaartaIya paazkxaoM kox ilayao Anauvaad ikxyaa jaayao taao BaI {panyaasa kox r}pa maoM vah safÜxla nahIM haogaIx|

ekx Anya x"pa`qama {panyaasax"x,xmalayaalama saaihtya kox pa`qama {panyaasa kxI baata qaaoDÜI Alaga hOx| [sao ilaKaa qaa candU maonanax(1847à1899) naox,xjaao mad`asa pa`oisaDonsaI kox pa`Saasana maoM kxaya-rta qaox| sana\ 1899 maoM pa`kxaiSata [sa {panyaasa kxa SaIYa-kx baDÜa mauKar hOx:x"[ndulaoKaax.x[Miglasa naaovala maitair[la eJautaappaoÕIÕullaa Aaor] kxqaax" ijasakxa taatpaya- hOx: "[ndulaoKaax.xAMga`ojaÜI {panyaasa kox namaUnao par ilaKaI ga[- kxqaax"x|  kxqaavastau hO ekx x"xpa`oma kxhanaIx" ekx AaQauinakx pairvaoSa maoMx| candU maonana nao mauiSkxla sao hI pa`isaw f`ÜaMsaIsaI ivaWana pyaoràdnyaola Hyauex(Pierre-Daniel Huet , 1630-1721) kxI "xTraité (Lettre) de l'Origine des Romans " ("{panyaasaaoM kox {d\gama par inabaMQaxx"x(1670) paZÜI haogaIx| magar BaartaIya laoKakx kxI rcanaa ekx saaihityakx ivaQaa kox r}pa maoM 17vaIM SataabdI maoM dI ga[- {panyaasa kxI f`xaMsaIsaI pairBaaYaa kox ekxdma Anaur}pa hO :x" ....ce que  l'on appelle proprement Romans sont des fictions d'advantage amoureuses, éccrites en Prose avec art, pour le plaisir et l'instruction des Lecteurs"( "xvaastava maoM ijasao {panyaasa kxhtao hOM ,xvah hOM kxlpanaae^MMàkxilpata kxqaae^MàAiQakxaMSa pa`oma kox baaro maoMx,xgaV maoM kxlaatmakxtaa sao ilaKaI hu[-x,xpaazkxaoM kxao Aanand AaOr {padoSa donao kox

ilayaox" )x|

maaQavanax,ekxx saundr AaOr sauiSaiXatax(ijasakxa Aqa- AMga`ojaÜI ZMga sao iSaiXata) yauvakx hOx,xjaao saundr AaOr {tanaI hI sauiSaiXatax(AMga`ojaÜI taqaa saMskRxta àdaonaaoM maoM) yauvataI [ndulaoKaa sao pa`oma kxrtaa hOx| naayar jaaita kox vao daonaaoMx,vaastava maoM dUr kox irStaodar hOMx,xjaao ekx baDÜo saMyau@ta pairvaar kox Baaga hOMx| magar [sa saMyau@ta pairvaar kxa mauiKayaa maaQavana sao AsaMtauYT hO AaOr vah [ndulaoKaa kxa ivavaah ekx pa`aOZÜ ba`aHmaNax(nambaUid`paad) sao yaugaaoM sao calao Aa rho rIitaàirvaajaaoM kox Anausaar kxrnaa caahtaa hOx| kxafÜxI saMGaYaao-M taqaa gaÜlatafÜxhimayaaoM kox paScaata\ maaQavana AaOr [ndulaoKaa ivavaah kxrnao maoM safÜxla hao jaatao hOMx| pa`oma AaOr ivakxasaSaIla ivacaarQaara kxI ivajaya sao paUva- ekx paUra AQyaaya samaipa-ta hO [-Svar kox Aistatva taqaa BaartaIya raYT/Iya kxa^Mga`osa kxI rajanaIita kox baaro maoM taIna vyai@tayaaoM kox baIca hue saukxrata SaOlaI kox saMvaad kxaox|BaartaIya naarI kxao AMga`ojaÜI iSaXaa kxa vardana donao koxx laoKakx kox AaHvaana kox saaqa {panyaasa samaapta haotaa hOx|

BaartaIya saaihtya kox [itahasakxaraoM Wara "[ndulaoKaax" kxI baDÜI pa`SaMsaa kxI ga[- hO AaOr jaÜaihr hOx,xyah malayaailayaaoM Wara ABaI takx paZÜa jaataa hOx| sana\ 1889 sao 1956 takx [sakxI 53 AavaRitayaa^M inakxla caukxI qaIMx(maoro paasa hala hI kox AaMkxDÜo {palabQa nahIM hOM)x|xsana\ 1890 maoM hI [sakxa AMga`ojaÜI Anauvaad mad`asa x(Aba caoÙaa[) maoM pa`kxaiSata hao gayaa qaa | Anauvaad ikxyaa gayaa qaa jaa^na DËUmaoga- (John Willoughby Francis Dumergue)  Wara jaao mad`asa pa`Saasainakx saovaa maoM laoKakx kox vairYz qaox²⁰ |DËUmaoga- nao hI maUla saMskxrNa maoM laoKakx Wara ilaKaI ga[- BaUimakxa kxa BaI Anauvaad ikxyaa qaax| yah BaUimakxa hmaoM {sa pa`ik`xyaa kox {na maanavaIya pairmaaNaaoM kxa AaBaasa dotaI hO ijasako  Wara paiScamaI saaihityakx xivaQaax(namaUnao) kxa BaartaIya vaataavarNa maoM pa`tyaaraopaNa ikxyaa gayaax| Ata: [sa BaUimakxa kox AarMBa sao ekx baDÜa {wrNa donaa {icata haogaax:

"xmaOMnao AMga`ojaÜI {panyaasa vyaapakx r}pa sao paZÜnaa AarMBa ikxyaa....sana\1886 kox Anta maoMx,xAaOr taba maOM Apanao

kxayaa-layaIna kxta-vyaaoM kox baad kxa saara KaÜalaI samaya {panyaasa paZÜnao maoM lagaa dotaa qaax| [sakox saaqa hI mauJao eosaa pa`taIta huAa ikx maoro GainaYz ima~aaoM kxa samaUhx,xijanakox saaqa maOM Apanaa samaya saamaaijakx baatacaIta taqaa manaaorMjana maoM ibataataa qaax,xsvayaM kxao kuxC {paoiXata samaJanao lagaa hOx,xAaOr maOM eosao {paaya ZUMZÜnao lagaa ijasasao maOM [na sadsyaaoM sao Apanao {panyaasa pazna kxao CaoDÜo ibanaa saulah kxr sakU^Mxx| [sa {_oSya sao maOMnao kuxC {panyaasaaoM kxa saaraMSa {nhoM malayaalama maoM bataanao kxa pa`yatna ikxyaax,xmagar maoro Ea`aotaaAaoM kxao {na dao yaa taIna paustakxaoM kox maoro Wara idyao gayao vaNa-na maoM idlacaspaI nahIM idKaa[- dIx| Anta maoM yah huAa ikx [namaoM sao ekx sajjana laa^D- baIkxnsafÜxIlD kox x"honrIeTa Tompalax" sao baDoÜ pa`Baaivata huex,xAaOr taba {panyaasaaoM kox maaOiKakx Anauvaad saunanao kxI r]ica ekx SaaOkÜ  maoM badla ga[-....Anta maoM mauJasao baIkxnsafÜxIlD kox [sa {panyaasa kxa ilaiKata Anauvaad pa`stauta kxrnao kxI ivanataI kxI ga[-x,xAaOr maOMnao [sao svaIkxar kxr ilayaax| magar jaba maOMnao [sa kxaya- maoM qaaoDÜI pa`gaita kxIx,xtaao maOMnao [sa baaro maoM ifÜxr sao saaocaa AaOr inaScaya ikxyaa ikx [sa pa`kxar kox Anauvaad kxa kxao[- mahtva nahIM haogaax| Apanao ima~aaoM kxaox,xjaao AMga`ojaÜI sao AnaiBa&a hOMx,xmaaOiKakx r}pa sao {panyaasa kxI payaa-pta sahI jaanakxarI donaa maoro ilayao kxizna nahIM qaax,xmagar [sa kxhanaI kxa sahI pa`Baava ilaiKata Anauvaad maoM pa`stauta kxrnaa maoro ilayao AsaMBava qaa....jaba Anauvaad ilaKaa jaataa hOx,taao maistaYkx SabdaoM kxI koxvala ekx Ea`RMKalaa kxao hI ga`hNa kxrtaa hOx,jaao [sa {_oSya kox ilayao payaa-pta nahIM hOx| maaOiKakx Anauvaad kxrtao samaya AMga`ojaÜI AiBavyai@ta kxa sahI Aavaogax,xkxBaI kxBaI ,xbanaayao rKaa jaa sakxtaa hOx,xmagar kxqanax,xpaUrI tarh saox,xsamaJanao yaaogya banaayaa jaa sakxtaa hO ikxsaI kxa^maonT/I kxI sahayataa sao kuxC spaYT kxrkoxx,xhr pa`kxrNa kox ilayao {icata kuxC ivastaRta ivavarNa Warax,xSabdaoM kox {ccaarNaaoM kxao havaàBaavaaoM Wara pa`diSa-ta kxrkoxx| Agar ikxsaI GaaoiYata SabdSa: Anauvaad maoM eosao ivavarNa ,xvyaaKyaae^M taqaa vaNa-na DalaoM jaayaoM taao yah kRxitax,xekx Anauvaad kox r}pa maoM ,xpaUrI tarh naYT hao jaayaogaIx|xifxÜr dUsarI kxiznaa[- yah hO ikx pa`oma pa`saMgaaoM kxaox,xijanakxI AMga`ojaÜI {panyaasaaoM maoM Barmaar haotaI hOx,xmalayaalama maoM ilaiKata Anauvaad maoM pa`stauta kxrnaa sauKakxr nahIM haogaax| Ata: [na saBaI pairisqaitayaaoM par ivacaar kxrnao kox {paranta maOMnao fÜOxsalaa ikxyaa ikx kxmaaobaoSa AMga`ojaÜI kox hI namaUnao par malayaalama maoM hI {panyaasa ilaKanao kxa..."x²⁰ |

Anauvaadkx kxao ilaKao gayao Apanao pa~a maoM laoKakx qaaoDÜI saI iBaÙa saUcaI pa`stauta kxrtao hOM x"x{na kxarNaaoM kxI ijanhaoMnao mauJao malayaalama maoM {panyaasa ilaKanao kox ilayao pa`oirta ikxyaax"x:

"xpa`qamax,xmaorI patnaI kxI {sakxI ApanaI BaaYaa maoM AMga`ojaÜI tajaÜ- par ilaKao gayao {panyaasa kxao paZÜnao kxI [cCa ijasao vah A@sar pa`kxT kxrtaI qaIx,

AaOr dUsarax,xmaorI tarfÜx sao [sa baata kxI kxaoiSaSa ikx @yaa maOM Apanao malayaalaI paazkxaoM kox mana maoMx,jaao AMga`ojaÜI kox jaanakxar nahIM hOMx,saaihtya kox {sa vaga- kox pa`ita r]ica {tpaÙa kxr sakxtaa hU^M jaao  AMga`ojaÜI BaaYaa maoM {panyaasaaoM Wara pa`stauta ikxyaa jaataa hO AaOr ijasakox baaro maoM vata-maana maoM x{nhoM kxao[- jaanakxarI nahIM hOx(@yaaoMikx {nhoM malayaalama maoM ilaKaI saaihityakx rcanaaAaoM kxao hI paZÜnao taqaa sarahnao kxI Aadta hO jaao {na GaTnaaAaoM evama\ pa`saMgaaoM sao BarpaUr hOM jaao pa`kRxita kox ilayao AsvaaBaaivakx hOM AaOr A@sar baohUda evaM AsaMBava haotaI hOMx)x,xAaOr yah doKanao kxI [cCa ikx @yaa vao eosaI ikxsaI kxhanaI kxI pa`SaMsaa kxroMgao ijasamaoM isafÜ- eosao taqya taqaa GaTnaae^M haoM jaao ikxnhIM ivaSaoYa pairisqaitayaaoM maoM {nakox Apanao GaraoM maoM GaiTta hao sakxtaI hOMx;

êtaIsarax,ëmaoro malayaalaI baaMQavaaoM kxao {sa isqaitax,xSai@ta evama\ pa`Baava kox dSa-na kxranaa jaao ApanaI svaaBaaivakx bauiwma<aa evama\ saundrtaa kox ilayao pa`isaw hmaarI naayar maihlaayaoM pa`apta kxroMgaI yaid {nhoM AcCI AMga`ojaÜI iSaXaa dI jaayaox;

AaOr Anta maoM malayaalama saaihtya kxI {Ùaita kox ilayao Apanaa yaaogadana donaax,jaaox,maOM duKa kox saaqa AnauBava kxr rha hU^Mx,ikx hmaaro pa`yaaoga na kxrnao evama\ dur]payaaoga kxrnao kox kxarNa SaIGa` maRtyau kxao pa`apta hao rha hOx" ²² |

baIsavaIM SataabdI maoM malayaalama saaihtya kxa kxafÜxI safÜxlataapaUva-kx ivakxasa huAa AaOr [sa saaihtya maoM Baarta kox Anya saaihtyaaoM kox hI samaana {panyaasa kxao ekx laaokxipa`ya ivaQaa kxa r}pa pa`apta huAax| eosao Anaokx BaartaIya {panyaasakxar hOM ijanakxI {nakxI ApanaI ApanaI BaaYaaAaoM maoM paazkxaoM Wara baDÜI pa`SaMsaa kxI jaataI hOx| [namaoM sao kuxC {panyaasakxaraoM kxao AnauvaadaoM kox Wara AiKala BaartaIya laaokxipa`yataa pa`apta hu[- hOx|

magarx,xjaha^M takx mauJao &aata hOx,xikxsaI BaartaIya {panyaasakxar Wara ikxsaI BaartaIya BaaYaa maoMx(AMga`ojaÜI CaoDÜkxr) ilaKaa gayaa kxao[- BaI {panyaasa Baarta kox baahr safÜxla nahIM huAa hOx| ikxsaI BaI gaV laoKakx kxaoox,xjaao BaartaIya BaaYaa maoMx(AMga`ojaÜI CaoDÜkxr) ilaKataa hOx,xivaSva vyaapaI pa`isawI AaOr óAqavaa saaihtya kxa naaobaula paurskxar pa`apta nahIM hao sakxa hOx| [sakox ilayao kx[- kxarNaaoM kxI Aaor [Saara ikxyaa jaa sakxtaa hOx|

pahlaax,xsaamaanyata: AaQauinakx saaihtya kxa AaOr ivaSaoYata: {panyaasa kxa diXaNa eiSayaa maoM bahuta hI saIimata saamaaijakx AaQaar hOx| vaha^M saaXartaa kxa star paiScamaI yaUraopa yaa r}sa kxI ApaoXaa kxafÜxI kxma hOx|diXaNa eiSayaa maoM Anaokx laaoga (saaihityakx) paaz evama\ kxao[- BaI jaanakxarI saamaanya r}pa sao dRSyaàEa`vya maaQyamaaoM sao Aatmasaata\ kxrnaa baohtar samaJatao hOMx,xbajaaya paazË maaQyamaaoM koxx|[sailayao diXaNa eiSayaa maoM isanaomaa Aita laaokxipa`ya hOx| Aaja kox diXaNa eiSayaa maoM sacamauca iSaiXata haonao kxa taatpaya- hO AMga`ojaÜI maoM iSaXaa paanaax| vaox,xjaao paZÜnao kxI Aadta Dalatao hOMx,AMga`ojaÜI maoM BaI paZÜoMgao hIàAaOr jÜyaadatar AMga`ojaÜI maoM hI paZÜoMgaox| AaOr ekx AMga`ojaÜI paZÜnao vaalao kox ilayao samaUcao x"xivaSva saaihtyax" kox War Kaulao hOMx,jaao sqaanaIya r}pa sao ricata ikxsaI saaihtya kox ilayao ekx

jaÜbad-stax(AaOr Saayad maarkx) pa`itayaaoigataa {tpaÙa kxrtaa hOx|

dUsarax,xdiXaNa eiSayaa kxI saMskRxita yaUraopax(r}sa saihta) kxI saMskRxita sao [tanaI iBaÙa hO ikx BaartaIya paazkxaoM kox ilayao jaao baata idlacaspa evama\ pa`orNaadayakx hao sakxtaI hOx,vah yaUraopaIyax(evama\ Anya doSaaoM kox) paazkxaoM kxao koxvala ivaica~a taqaa ivadoSaI pa`taIta haox|Saayad [saIilayao kxao[- {panyaasakxar mauiSkxla sao hI Baarta evama\ paiScamax(yaa r}sa) daonaaoM hI sqaanaaoM par safÜxla hao sakxtaa hOx|

dUsaro SabdaoM maoM {panyaasa laoKana Baarta maoM ABaI BaI x"svayaMàsaovaax"x(iva. iJamaU-nskxI kox SabdaoM kxa {payaaoga kxroM taao) kox star par hOx| BaartaIya {panyaasax(kxmaaobaoSa safÜxlataa sao) sqaanaIya AavaSyakxtaaAaoM kxao paUra kxrtao hOM magar vao ABaI takx xvaOiSvakx star par x"xibakxnao laayakxx" nahIM hOMx|xekx idlacaspa samaanataa doKaI jaa sakxtaI hO BaartaIya isanaomaa {Vaoga kox saaqax| yah ekx AaOr safÜxla {dahrNa hO transfert culturel (saaMskRxitakx pa`tyaaraopaNa) kxax|xjaha^M takx ifÜxlmaaoM kox inamaa-Na kxa pa`Sna hOx,xBaarta kxa ivaSva maoM lagaBaga pahlaax(yaid ekxdma pahlaa na hao taao) sqaana hOx| samaUcao diXaNa eiSayaa maoM isanaomaa doKanaa Atyanta laaokxipa`ya hOx| magar diXaNa eiSayaa sao baahr [na ifÜxlmaaoM kxIx "xibak`xIx" kxa @yaa?

ifÜxr BaI ivaiQa kox ivaQaana kxao doKa paanaa AsaMBava hOx| AaOr yah saMBava hO ikx 21vaIM SataabdI maoM BaartaIya {panyaasax(AaOr Saayadx,xBaartaIya ifÜxlmaoM BaI) baakÜxI duinayaa maoM AcCa pa`dSa-na kxroMgaox|

 

iTppaiNayaa^M

1. yah laoKa sana\ 2002 maoM AMga`ojaÜI maoM ilaKaa gayaa qaa pa^irsa maoM Aayaaoijata ekx sammaolana kox ilayaox| baad maoM , f`oMxca BaaYaa maoMx,x[sao “L’horizon anthropologique des transferts culturels” (Paris, 2004) naamakx paustakx maoM pa`kxaiSata ikxyaa gayaax| paustakx kox SaIYa-kx kxa (jaao ikx sammaolana kxa BaI SaIYa-kx qaa) Anauvaad [sa pa`kxar ikxyaa jaa sakxtaa hOx:x“The anthropological horizon (perspective) of cultural transfers” or “Cultural transfers in anthropological perspective”.(maanava vaO&aanaIya pairpa`oXya maoM saaMskRxitakx pa`tyaaraopaNax)x|xjaha^M takx maOM samaJataa hU^Mx,x"xsaaMskRxitakx pa`tyaaraopaNax" kxI pairkxlpanaa(AaoM) kxao "saaMskRxitakx {QaarIx" kxI pauranaI pairkxlpanaa kox AnaupaUrkx taqaa saMSaaoQana kox r}pa maoM pa`stauta ikxyaa gayaa hOx| [sa pairkxlpanaa kxa taatpaya- yah hO ikx kuxC laaogax(kxao[- saMskRxita ) ikxnhIM dUsaro laaogaaoMx(dUsarI saMskRxitax) sao kxao[- caIjaÜ laotao hOM AaOr [sa x"caIjaÜx" kxao Apanaa banaa laotao hOMx,x{sao jaOsao kxa taOsaa x" GarolaU banaatao hOMx"| jabaikx "saaMskRxitakx pa`tyaaraopaNax" kox Antaga-ta koxvala kxao[- caIjaÜ "sqaanaaMtairtax" kxI jaataI hO kuxC laaogaaoMx(ikxsaI saMskRxita) sao ikxnhIM dUsaro laaogaaoMx(dUsarI saMskRxita) kxao ,xibanaa [sa baata kxI parvaah ikxyao ikx nayao vaataavarNa maoM [sa "caIjaÜx" kxa @yaa haogaax|x[sa pa`kxarx,x{dahrNa kox ilayao , hma kxh sakxtao hOM ikx "xkÜxanaUna kxI savaao-ccataax"x,x"xsaMsadIya laaokxtaM~ax" evama\ "xmaanavaaiQakxarx" kxI paiScamaI kxlpanaae^M r}sa kxao sqaanaaMtairta kxI ga[-Mx,xmagar @yaa r}sa maoM {nhoM paUrI tarh "{Qaar ilayaa gayaax"xxAqaa-ta\ @yaa {nhoM svaIkxar kxrkox "xGarolaU banaayaa gayaax"? yah ek xKaulaa pa`Sna hOx|

2.Toynbee A. The World and the West. London, Oxford UP , 1953 , p.2.

3. kxlakx<aa evama\ saoMTàpaITsa-baga- kox baIca kxI samaanataa kxao kx[- laoKakxaoM Wara roKaaMikxta ikxyaa gayaa hOx|

Saayad [namaoM sabasao pahlao qao roijanaalD hobar Reginald Heber (1783 - 1826), ekx kxivax,yaa~aI jaao Apanao jaIvana kox Anta maoM kxlakx<aa kox ibaSapa bana caukox qaox| sana\ 1805à1806 maoM vao maa^skxao AaOr paITsa-baga- gayao qao taqaa sana\ 1823 maoM kxlakx<aa Aayaox|11 A@TUbar 1823 kxao [sa Sahr kox Apanao pahlao AnauBava kox baaro maoM vao ilaKatao hOMx:x"...paUrax(hO) [tanaa paITsa-baga- kox kuxC BaagaaoM jaOsaax(AaofÜx!) ikx ikxsaI AaOr jagah kxI kxlpanaa kxrnaa mauiSkxla qaax"(Bishop Heber in Northern India. Selections from Heber’s Journal / Ed. by M.A. Laird. Cambridge, 1971, p.43).25 janavarI 1824 kxao Aar. hobar nao ApanaI maa^M kxao ilaKaax: " kxlakx<aa baDÜI caaOMkxanao vaalaI jagah hOx,xmagar yah paITsa-baga- sao [tanaI imalataI jaulataI hOx,xha^Mlaaikx {sakox maukÜxabalao kxma Saanadar hOx,xikx mauJao kxBaI kxBaI r}sa maoM haonao kxa AaBaasa haotaa hOx|pa`mauKa GaraoM kxa vaastauiSalpa ekx hI hO..." (Heber R. Narrative of a Journey through the Upper Provinces of India. Vol.2. London , 1828 ,p.318);

Agalaa ijaÜk`x maOM kxr}Mgaa ekx r}saI yaa~aI taqaa SaaOikÜxyaa ica~akxar ipa`nsa Alao@sao[ iÔi~ayaoivaca saailtakxaofÜx(1806à1859) kxax| 1840 kox dSakx maoM {nhaoMnao dao baar Baarta kxI yaa~aa kxI AaOr Apanao AnauBavaaoM kxao paoirsa maoM pa`kxaiSata ekx f`oMxca paustakx maoM pa`kxaiSata ikxyaax(19vaIM SataabdI kox kuxC Anya r}saI kuxlaInaaoM kxI Baa^Mita ipa`nsa saailtakxaofÜx ApanaI janmaBaUima kxao bada-Sta nahIM kxr paatao qao AaOr svaocCa sao ekx pa`kxar kxa inavaa-isata jaIvana vyataIta kxrtao qaox)x: Saltikoff A.D. Lettres sur l'Inde êBaarta kox baaro maoM pa~aë. Paris , 1848. ( id. 09.10.1841 kxao ilaKao pa~a maoM saailtakxaofÜx ilaKatao hOMx: " hmanao kxlakx<aa kox saamanao laMgar DÜala idyaax|pahlaI najaÜr maoM Sahr paITsa-bauga- jaOsaa pa`taIta haotaa hOx: nadIx,xnaovaa jaOsaI hI caaODÜIx,xyaUraoipayana BavanaaoM kxI kÜxtaaroMx,xijanakox baIca maoM kxafÜxI jagah CUTI hu[- hOx,xinacalaI jagahoM AaOr mastaUlaaoM kxa paUra jaMgalax| magar kOxsaI gamaI-x,xkOxsaI GauTnax!x" (yah {WrNa maOMnao hala hI kxI r}saI AavaRita Салтыков А.Д. Письма об Индии. Москва, 1985, с. 60) sao ilayaa hOx|);

 maoro Agalao gavaah hOM pa`isaw f`xaMsaIsaI BaUgaaolaàvao<aa AaOr ArajakxtaavaadI Élisée Reclus (eilajao ro@lyaU) (1830 – 1905)| {nhaoMnao ilaKaax: "...maaOsama maoM AaOr laaogaaoM maoM fÜxrkÜx haonao kox baavajaUd ApanaI zMDI inayamainaYza evama\ BavanaaoM kox iGasaoipaTo ivanyaasa kxI dRiYT sao kxlakx<aa AaOr paITsa-bauga- ekx dUsaro kox samaana hOMx") ( Reclus E. Nouvelle geographie universelle. La terre et les hommes. T.8 ênavaIna sava-vyaapaI BaUgaaola.xBaUima taqaa manauYya. KaND 8ë.Paris, 1883,p.375);

AMitama {wrNa do rha hU^M 20vaIM SataabdI kox f`oMxca BaUgaaolaàvao<aa JyaUla syaaoMx(Jules Sion)x(1879à1940)xkxax: "...mahlaaoM kxa Sahrx(kxlakx<aa) ApanaI AtyalaMkRxta [maartaaoM kxaox,x{YNakxiTbaMQaIya pa`doSa maoMx,ekx navaàga`Ikx SaOlaI maoM paMi@tabaw ikxyao hOx, jaao AaScaya-janakx r}pa saox,xkxIcaDÜ maoM inaima-ta ekx Anya kRxi~ama Sahrx,xpaITsa-bauga- jaOsaI pa`taIta haotaI hOMx" ( Sion J. Asie des mousons. 2me partie. Inde. Inde-Indochine-Insulinde êmaanasaUnaaoM kxa eiSayaa. dUsara Baaga. Baarta. BaartacaIna (Indochina). WIpaBaarta  (Indonesia)]. Paris , 1929 , p.306.)

4. Pushkin A. Eugene Onegin Tr. by Charles Johnston. With an introduction by John Bayley. Harmondsworth (Penguine books), 1979.

5. [Seth V.] The Golden Gate. A Novel in Verse by Vikram Seth. N.Y., Random House , 1986.do. [sa paustakx maoM maora laoKaxx"xivak`xma saoz kxa "id gaaolDna gaoTx"  evama\ Alao@saand` paUiSkxna kxa "yaovgaonaI Aaonaoiganax"xx|

6. Zhirmunsky V.M. Gete v russkoi literature (r}saI saaihtya maoM gyaaoqao) [2nd ed.] Leningrad , Nauka , 1982 , p.30 , 33.

7. vaOkxilpakx r}pa sao, samaUcao Baartaxx(diXaNa eiSayaa) kxI taulanaa jaataIya r}sa sao ( jaOsaa ikx AalaoKa kox SaIYa-kx sao inaYkxYa- inakxalaa jaa sakxtaa hOx) nahIMx,xAipatau (jaOsaa ikx AalaoKa kox AarMBa maoM sauJaayaa gayaa hO) eoitahaisakx r}saI saama`ajya (ijasao 1922 sao 1991 takx saaoivayata saMGa kxha jaataa qaa) sao kxI jaa sakxtaI hOx| tadnausaarx,xsamaUcao BaartaIya saaihtya kxI taulanaax(kuxC ApavaadaoM kxao CaoDÜkxr) saaoivayata saMGa kox taqaakxiqatax "bahuraYT/Iya saaoivayata saaihtyax" sao kxI jaa sakxtaI hOx|

8. Kripalani K. Literature of Modern India. A panoramic glimpse. New Delhi : National Book Trust , 1982 , pp.2-3.

9.do. {da. Mukherjee S. Towards a Literary History of India. Simla , 1975 , pp.5-15.

10. [sa ivaYaya par Ea`oYz paiScamaI paustakx ABaI BaI hO : Keith A.B. A History of Sanskrit Literature. London (OUP) , 1920 , (Anaokx AavaRitayaaoM maoM). tau. saaqa hI M.Winternitz (AgalaI iTppaNaI do.) History of Indian Literature.

11. do. [sa paustakx maoM maora laoKa x"xsaaihtyaaoM kox ivaiSaYT samaudaya  kxI AvaQaarNaax: ekx Baartaivad\ kox dRiYTkxaoNa saox"x|

12. BaartaIyax(diXaNa eiSayaa[-) saaihtya kox [itahasa kox ivastaRta pairpa`oXya kox ilayao maaoirtsa ivantaoina-tsa kxI paustakx ABaI BaI {payaaogaI hOx: Winternitz M. Geschichte der indischen Litteratur.êBaartaIya saaihtya kxa [itahasa. KaND 1à3ë Bd. 1-3. Leipzig. , 1908-1922 ; Winternitz M. A History of Indian Literature. Vol. 1-3 ( ijasakxI sana\ 1927 kox baad ivaiBaÙa AavaRitayaa^M inakxla caukxI hOMx,xlaoikxna {namaoM sao kuxC hI kxa sampaadna laoKakx Wara ikxyaa gayaa hO evama\ {nakxa pa`aiQakxar {sakox  Wara idyaa gayaa hOx)| magar Aba [sakox saaqa kuxC AaOr paustakxaoM kxa BaI {payaaoga kxrnaa haogaax| tau.  Chatterji S.K. Languages and Literatures of Modern India. Calcutta , 1963 ; Dimock  E.C.Jr.a.o. The Literatures of India. An Introduction. Chicago and London (the Un. of Chicago Press), 1978 ( Aagao [sa AalaoKa maoM kuxC AaOr saMdBa- ). êAba yah paustakx BaI do. Literary Cultures in History. Reconstructions from South Asia / Ed. by Sheldon Pollock. Berkeley etc., Un. of California Press, 2003ë|

13. do. {da. Chatterji S.K. {}par inaid-YT paustakxx|

14. 1960 kox dSakx ko  AarMBa sao saaihtya AkxadmaI ivaiBaÙa BaartaIya saaihtyaaoM kox [itahasaaoM par ekx Ea`MRKalaa pa`stauta kxr rhI hOx| Aba lagaBaga baIsa eosao x"x[itahasax" pa`kxaiSata hao caukox hOMx|

15.ekx vaad ivavaad calaa Aa rha hO [sa baaro maoMx,xikx @yaa x"AaQauinakxIkxrNax" sao taatpaya- AvaSyaMBaavaI r}pa sao x"xpaiScamaIkxrNax" sao hOx,xmagar yaha^M hmaoM [sa samasyaa maoM gahro jaanao kxI jÜar}rta nahIM hOx|

16. Goswami P. Fiction in Assamese. Gauhati , 1963 , p.1; Sarma S.N. Assamese Literature (A History of Indian Literature / Ed. by J. Gonda. Vol. IX ,part II , Fasc.2) ; Wiesbaden : Harrassowitz , 1976 , p.91.

17. do. {da. The Novel in India. Its birth and developement / Ed. by T.W.Clark. London,: Allen and Unwin , 1970 , pp.84-86 , 184-189.

18. Jhaveri M. History of Gujarati literature. New Delhi : Sahitya Akademi , 1978 , p.85.

19. The Novel in India . p.36.

20. maoro paasa [sa Anauvaad kxI dUsarI AavaRita hOx: Chandu Menon. Indulekha. A novel from Malabar / Tr. into English by W. Dumergue . Calicut : Mathrubhumi , 1965.

21. Chandu Menon . Indulekha , p.x-xi.

22. vahIMx, p.xvi.

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आन्ना करेनिना

 

"AaÙaa kxaroinanaax"  kxa BaartaIya Avataar

(Sarta\cand` caÕaopaaQyaaya kxa {panyaasa "gaRh dahx" )¹

 

 

 

  BaartaIya {panyaasa kxa AQyayana kxrnao  vaalao SaaoQakxtaa- kxao

            jaao caIjÜaoM savaa-iQakx AakxiYa-ta kxrtaI hO vah hMOx:

            Alpaivaidta saamaga`I kxI samaRwtaax,

            ipaClaI SataabdI maoM  [sa ivaQaa maoM Apa`tyaaiSata r}pa sao

            bavaMDr kxI Baa^Mita huAa ivakxasa ,

            (AaOr) BaartaIya saaihtya kox [itahasa evama\ x[sa ivaQaa kox

           saamaanya  isawantaaoM kox AQyayana kox ilayao

  AtyaiQakx idlacaspa....pairNaamaaoM kxao paanao kxI carma saMBaavanaa ²|

 Alao@sao[- saogao-yaoivaca sauKaaocaaova kxI vaO&aainakx Qaraohr maoM 19à20vaIM SataabdI kox BaartaIya saaihtya maoM {panyaasa kxI {tpai<a evama\ ivakxasa par ikxyao gayao SaaoQakxaya- kxao mahtvapaUNa- sqaana pa`apta hOx ³| ivadoSaI saaihityakx kRxitayaaoM kox x"xnamaUnaox" par AaQaairta BaartaIya {panyaasaaoM maoM {nakxI gahrI r]ica qaI ⁴x|

Ata: , Asamaya hI hmasao ibaCuDÜ gayao sahyaaogaI kxao samaipa-ta paustakx maoM pa`stauta laoKa kxa samaavaoSa {icata hOx,xijasamaoM maOM yah pa`maaiNata kxrnao kxI AaSaa kxrtaa hU^M ikx baMgaalaI laoKakx Sarta\cand` caÕaopaaQyaaya kxa {panyaasa "xgaRh dahx"  kxafÜxI hd takx lao. ina.xTa^lsTa^ya kox "AaÙaa kxaroinanaax"  par AaQaairta hOx⁵ |

{paya-u@ta daonaaoM {panyaasaaoM kxI taulanaa kxao {sa kRxi~ama iva&aana kxI saMkxINa- pairiQa maoM saImaabaw  nahIM ikxyaa jaa sakxtaax,x ijasao saaoivayata yauga maoM saaihtyaàiva&aana yaa saaihtyaà Saas~a kxa naama idyaa gayaa qaax⁶ |xtaulanaa xkxI pa`ik`xyaa kox daOrana Apairhaya- r}pa sao {tpaÙa pa`SnaaoM AaOr samasyaaAaoM kxa saMbaMQa {saàAba takx lagaBaga AivaVmaanaà"xSaas~ax" sao hOx,xijasao x"xtaulanaatmakx xsaMskRxita iva&aanax" kxa naama idyaa jaa sakxtaa hOx|x

Baarta maoM (r}sa saihta Anya gaÜOr paiScamaI doSaaoM kxI hI Baa^Mita) AaQauinakx {panyaasa kxI {tpai<a evama\ ivakxasa kxa [itahasa yaUraopaIya saMskRxita kxI ekx ivaSaoYa {paja kox ibalkuxla Apairicata imaÕI maoM pa`tyaaraopaNa AaOr {sakox {sa imaÕI maoM panapanao kxaxê"xsaaMskRxitakxIkxrNax" kxax(acculturation)ë [itahasa hO <sup>7</sup> | [sailayao ,xivaSaoYata:x,xBaartaIya {panyaasa kox [itahasa kxI r}saI {panyaasa kox [itahasa sao Atyanta raocakx taulanaa kxI jaa sakxtaI hOx|xAaOr eosaI taulanaa kxa AaQaarx(yaax,xdUsaro SabdaoM maoM kxhoM taaox,xivastaairta saMdBa-)àyaUraopaIya ivastaarIkxrNax(rajanaIitakxx,xAaiqa-kxx,xAaOr saaMskRxitakxx,xyaa jaOsaa ikx Aajakxla kxha jaataa hOx, "saaByaitakxx"x) kxI vaOiSvakx pa`ik`xyaa hOx,xjaao ipaClaI kuxC SataaibdyaaoM sao calaI Aa rhI hO AaOr ijasanao Baarta AaOr r}sa daonaaoM kxaoàha^Mlaaikx Alaga Alaga tarIkÜox sao AaOr samaya kxI ivaiBaÙa pairsaImaaAaoM maoMà xApanaI capaoT maoM lao ilayaa hOx|

r}saI caotanaa kox Anausaar r}sa kxa yaUraopaIkxrNa eoitahaisakx dRiYT sao sava-pa`qama paITr pa`qama kox naama sao evama\ taqaakxiqata xx"xpaITr kox sauQaaraoM " sao jauDÜa hOx(ha^Mlaaikx yah pa`ik`xyaa paITr sao kxafÜxI paUva- hI AarMBa hao ga[- qaI ,xipaClaI taIna SataaibdyaaoM saoàkxBaI QaImaIx,xtaao kxBaI taojaÜ gaita saoxàcalataI rhIx,xAaOr  Asala maoMx,xAaja takx cala rhI hOx)x| Baarta kox [itahasa maoM hmaaro paITr kox sauQaaraoM jaOsaI GaTnaa qaIàiba`iTSa Saasana kxI sqaapanaax(r}sa kxI hI Baa^Mita Baarta par paiScamaI yaUraopa kxa pa`Baava [sa x"xivaiSaYT kxalaKaNDÜx" sao kxafÜxI pahlao hI AarMBa hao gayaa qaa AaOr jaÜra BaI samaapta nahIM huAa hOx,x{saIkox saaqa sampaÙa nahIM huAa hOx)x|

Aama taaOr par [na daonaaoM [itahasaaoM kxax(pahlaox,xr}sa maoM paITr kox sauQaaraoM kxax,xAaOr dUsarox,xBaarta maoM iba`iTSa Saasana kxI sqaapanaa kxa) vaNa-na xAlaga Alaga tarh saox,xiBaÙa iBaÙa SabdavalaI maoM ikxyaa jaataa hOx: pahlaa kxha jaataa hOàr}sa kox r}paantarNa kxa [itahasax,xijasao svayama\ r}isayaaoM nao AarMBa ikxyaa AaOr kxayaa-invata ikxyaax,xxAaOr dUsaraà{painavaoiSatax,xgaÜulaama banaayao gayao doSa maoM ivadoiSayaaoM kox Saasana kxa [itahasax| magar yah iBaÙataa {tanaI pa`Kar nahIM hOx,xjaOsaI idKaa[- dotaI hOx| 19vaIMà20vaIM SataabdI maoM Baarta kxa r}paantarNa koxvala AMga`ojÜaaoM Wara hI nahIM ikxyaa gayaax,xbailkx Anaokx BaartaIya BaI [samaoM Saaimala qaox,xijanhaoMnao ikxsaI na ikxsaI tarh ivadoSaI SaasakxaoM kox pa`yatnaaoM kxao samBava ikxyaa AaOr (yaa) [na pa`yatnaaoM maoM Apanaa yaaogadana idyaa (kxBaI kxBaar {namaoM saMSaaoQana BaI ikxyaa)x| saaqa hIx,xr}sa kox r}paantarNa kxao {saI paiScamaI yaUraopa nao pa`oirta ikxyaax,xAaOr [tanaa hI nahIMx, kx[- paiScamaI yaUraoipayanaaoM nao 18vaIM AaOr 19vaIM SataabdI maoM saik`xya r}pa sao [sa pa`ik`xyaa maoM Baaga ilayaax| 18vaIM SataabdI kox {<araQa- sao r}sa kox sama`aT BaI r}saI kox sqaana par paiScamaI yaUraopaIyax(mauKyata: jama-na) maUla kox haonao lagao qaox| paITr pa`qama Wara AarMBa ikxyao gayao yaUraopaIkxrNa kox pairmaaNasvar}pa Saasakx taqaa iSaiXata vaga-  evama\ paarMpairkx SaOlaI maoM jaInao vaalaI janataa kox xbaIca saaMskRxitakx Kaa[- lagaBaga {tanaI hI gahrI  qaIx,xijatanaI ikx Baarta maoM AMga`ojÜaaoM (AaOr saaqa hI yaUraopaIkRxta iSaiXata vaga-) AaOr Aama janataa kox baIca kxI saaMskRxitakx  iBaÙataa kxI Kaa[- qaIx| {ÙaIsavaIM SataabdI kox slaavaaooifÜxla ivacaarkx r}sa kox iSaiXata vaga- kxI x"xivadoiSataax" par jÜaaor dotao hue kxBaI kxBaI {sakxI taulanaa Baarta kox AMga`ojÜaaoM sao kxrtao hOMx| [na daonaaoM doSaaoM maoM 19vaIMà20vaIM SataaibdyaaoM maoM hue vaOcaairkxx,xKaÜasa taaOr sao paiScamavaadIx(saava-BaaOimakx) AaOr x"xsvajaaitavaadIx"x(ivaiSaYTx,xdosaI)x,xAaMdaolanaaoM kxa taulanaatmakx saMSaaoQana Baarta AaOr r}sa kox baIca kxI taulanaa kxa ekx idlacaspa pahlaU hao sakxtaa hOx|

Aagao hma doKaoMgao ikx r}sa AaOr Baarta maoM yaUraopaIkxrNa kxI pa`ik`xyaa evama\ [na daonaaoM doSaaoM maoM x"paiScamavaadx"x AaOr xx"xdosaIvaadx" kox baIca mataBaod "AaÙaa kxaroinanaax" taqaa Sarta\cand` kox {panyaasa maoM pa`itaibaimbata haotaa hOx|

sana\ 1703 maoM naovaa nadI kox mauhanao par ,xjaao mauKyaBaUima kxao samaud`aoM AaOr mahasaagaraoM sao jaaoDÜtaI hOx,xpaITr pa`qama nao Apanao nayaox(paiScamaI yaUraopa kxI Aaor r]Jaana vaalao) saama`ajya kxI rajaQaanaI saoMTàpaITsa-baga- kxI naIMva rKaIx| lagaBaga {saI samayax,xsa~ahvaIM SataabdI kox navaoM dSakx kox Anta maoM x,xiba`iTSaaoM nao Baarta maoM Apanao saama`ajya kxI pa`staaivata rajaQaanaIx,xkxlakx<aax, kxa inamaa-Na ikxyaa gaMgaa nadI kox mauhanao par ,xjaao samaud`aoM AaOr mahasaagaraoM kxao mauKyaBaUima sao jaaoDÜtaI hOx| paITr pa`qama kxa {_oSya qaa x"xyaUraopa maoM iKaDÜkxI Kaaolanaax"x,xAaOr iba`iTSaaoM kxa x"xBaarta maoM iKaDÜkxI Kaaolanaax"x|daonaaoM hI isqaitayaaoM maoM rajaQaanaI kox ilayao sqala kxa caunaavax,xjaao rajanaIitakx taqaa Aaiqa-kx AnaumaanaaoM kox AaQaar par ikxyaa gayaa qaax,xBaagyaSaalaI nahIM qaax: saoMT paITsa-baga- evama\ kxlakx<aa kox bauro maaOsama kxa raonaaàdaonaaoM hI doSaaoM kox ilayao inarMtar isardd- banaa huAa hOx| kx[- baar taao daonaaoM rajaQaainayaaoM kox vaastauiSalpa kxI samaanataa kxa BaI {llaoKa ikxyaa gayaa hOxx⁸|

"AaÙaa kxaroinanaax" maoM gaa^Mva kxao svasqya evama\ saccao (r}saI) jaIvana kxa koxnd` maanatao hue {sakxa vaOYamya SahrI (yaUraopaIya) saByataa kox koxnd`aoMx,xpaITsa-bauga-x(AaOr maa^skxao) sao idKaayaa gayaa hOx| [saI tarh Sarta\cand` kox {panyaasa maoM kxlakx<aax(taqaa Anya SahraoMx)kxI ivaYamataax(ha^Mlaaikx Ta^lsTa^ya kxI ApaoXaa kxma taIva`taa sao) parMparaAaoM kox rXakx , gaa^Mva , sao dSaa-[- ga[- hOx|

paITr pa`qama kox sauQaaraoM kox paScaata\ saamairkxàrajanaOitakx dRiYT sao r}sa x"xekx yaUraopaIya Sai@tax" bana gayaax: 18vaIM SataabdI maoM hI r}sa nao baila-na par AiQakxar kxr ilayaa ,xpaaolaONDÜ kxa ivaBaajana kxr idyaax; tatpaScaata\ naopaaoilayana sao yauwaoM maoM Baaga ilayaax,xdubaara baila-na par kÜxbjaÜa kxr ilayaax,x{sakox baad pa^irsa par BaIx,x[tyaaidx| magar {cca saMskRxita kxI dRiYT sao r}sa paUrI tarh sao x"xyaUraopaIya vaaVà vaRndx" kxa sadsya banaa koxvala 19vaIM SataabdI maoM | ha^Mlaaikx r}isayaaoM nao 18vaIM SataabdI maoM yaUraopaIya SaOlaI kox AaQaar par Apanao nayao saaihtyaxx(saaqa hI ica~akxlaax,xsaMgaItax, kuxC AMSaaoM maoM rajanaIitakx saMskRxita Aaid) kxI rcanaa kxIx,xmagar vaI.ma. iJama-UnskxI kox SabdaoM maoM ,xvao pa`Qaanata: x"xsvayama\ saovaa kox star parx"^x9 hI rhox| magar {ÙaIsavaIM SataabdI maoM r}saI saaihtyaàAaOr ica~akxlaax,xsaMgaItax,xiva&aana Aaidàkxao xx"xvaOiSvakx saMskRxita kox baajÜaar maoM "kxafÜxI mahtva pa`apta haonao lagaax| saaihtya kox Xao~a maoM [-vaana taugao-naovax,x{nakox paICo paICo laova Ta^lsTa^yax,xtatpaScaata\ FÜyaaodaor daostaaoyaovskxIx(AaOr {sakox BaI baad Antaaona caoKaaova nao) r}saI saMskRxita kxI pahlao paiScama maoM ,xAaOr tatpaScaata\ SaoYa ivaSva maoM gairmaa baZÜa[- ¹⁰x|

jaOsaa ikx sava-ivaidta hOx,xsvayama\ r}sa maoM BaI "AaÙaa kxaroinanaax"  kxao ga`hNa kxrnao kxa [itahasa paUrI tarh sao ibanaa Sata- pa`SaMsaaAaoM taqaa {cca kxaoiT kxI samaIXaaAaoM sao BarpaUr nahIM hOx| ina. A. naok`xasaaova kxI sana\ 1876 vaalaI jÜahrIlaIàApamaanajanakx cauTkxI <sup>11</sup> taqaa AaÙaa AKÜmaataaovaa kox " kxcaroàbauØox" kox baaro maoM {d\gaar yaad kxroM ijasanao paXapaata evama\ AnyaayapaUNa- ZMga sao pa`oma maoM DUbaI hu[- maihlaa kxa ica~aNa ikxyaa hOx¹² |

magar jaOsao hI sana\ 1877 maoM "xAaÙaa kxaroinanaax"  kxa x"r}skxI vaoistnakx "x("r}saIàdUtax") pai~akxa maoM pa`kxaSana paUra huAax(svatan~a paustakx kox r}pa maoM pa`kxaSana huAa sana\ 1878 maoM)x,xikxsaI AaOr nao nahIMx,xvarna\ FÜyaaodaor daostaaoyaovskxI nao [sa {panyaasa kox x"xivaiSaYT mahtvax" kxao pahcaanaa ¹³ | daostaaoyaovskxI nao ( [.A. gaaoMcaaraova kox mata kox AaQaar par BaI) "xAaÙaa kxaroinanaax" kxao r}saI saMskRxita kxI mahana {palaibQa batalaatao hue {sao [sa baata kxa pa`maaNa maanaa ikx vah x"xyaUraopax" kox saaqa samaanataa kox star par vaataa-laapa kxr sakxtaI hOx: x" yah ikxtaaba maorI najÜaraoM maoM ekx taqya kxa r}pa QaarNa kxr caukxI hOx,xjaao yaUraopa maoM hmaarI ihmaayata kxr sakoxx,x{sa vaaMiCta taqya kxa r}pa bana caukxI hOx,xjaao hma yaUraopa kxao idKaa sakoMx...."xAaÙaa kxaroinanaax" sampaUNa- hO ekx saaihityakx kRxita kox r}pa maoM AaOr ekx eosaI kRxita kox r}pa maoM ijasakxa maukÜxabalaa yaUraopa kxI [sa tarh kxI kxao[- BaI samakxalaIna kRxita nahIM kxr sakxtaIx,...kxlpanaa BaI hmaarI  hOx,xApanaIx,xdosaIx,xvahx,xjaao yaUraopaIya jagata kox saamanao hmaarI ivaSaoYataa dSaa-taI hOx,xjaao hmaara raYT/xIya x"xnayaa kxqanax" hO yaax,xkxma sao kxma {sakxa AarMBa hOx,xàeosaa kxqanax,xjaao yaUraopa maoM saunaa[- nahIM dotaa AaOr ifxrx,jaao {sakox ilayao [tanaa jÜar}rI hOx,x{sakox tamaama AiBamaana kox baavajaUdx" ¹⁴ |x

"xAaÙaa kxaroinanaax" kox BaivaYya nao daostaaoyaovskxI kox mata kxI pauiYT kxr dIx| yaha^M baIsavaIM SataabdI kox saaihtya kox idggajaaoMx,xqaa^masa maana AaOr vlaadIimar naabaaokxaova kxI raya jaananaa hI kxafÜxI haogaax|

sana\ 1939 maoM qaa^masa maana nao "AaÙaa kxaroinanaax"  kox AmaoirkxI saMskxrNa kxI pa`staavanaa maoM {sao x"xivaSva saaihtya kox mahanatama saamaaijakx {panyaasax" kxI saM&aa dI hO <sup>15</sup> |vlaadIimar naabaaokxaova nao Apanao x"xr}saI saaihtya par vyaaKyaanaaoM " maoM , jaao 1940 kox AarMBa maoM ilaKao gayao qaox(Amaoirkxa maoM BaI)x,x"AaÙaa kxaroinanaax" kxao ekx  "xAmarx" paustakx taqaa x"xivaSva saaihtya kxI mahanatama pa`oma kxhainayaaoM maoM sao ekxx" kxI saM&aa dI hO ¹⁶ |

ekx Aama raya maoM (jaao {panyaasa kox paUro paaz par [tanaI AaQaairta nahIM hOx,xijatanaI ikx {sakox ivaivaQa evama\ Anaokx ica~aIkxrNaaoMx,xkxqaakxqanaaoMx,xrMgamaMca par ikxyao gayao pa`stautaIkxrNaaoM [tyaaid par AaQaairta hOx) "AaÙaa kxaroinanaax"  kxa Aistatva hO mauKya r}pa saox(hao sakxtaa hOx,xisafÜ-x {tanaa hI) ekxxxx"xpa`oma kxqaax" kox r}pa maoMx| Ata: ifÜxr sao duhranaa paDÜogaa (ivaSaoYakxr [sa laoKa kox ivaYaya kxao dRiYTgata rKatao huex)x,xikx "xAaÙaa kxaroinanaax"àkoxvala ekx x"xpa`oma kxhanaIx"x(Asala maoM ekx hI paustakx maoM eosaI Anaokx kxhainayaa^M ) nahIM hOx,xAaOr na hI vah koxvala xmahana x"xsaamaaijakx {panyaasax" hOx,xbailkx vah ekx daSa-inakx {panyaasa BaI hOx<sup>17</sup> , jaIvana kox Aqa- kox baaro maoM BaI hO yah {panyaasax,xjaao x"xicarMtana evama\ ivaSvamaanavaIyax" pa`SnaaoM kxao {zataa hO ¹⁸ |

laova Ta^lsTa^ya nao Apanaa {panyaasa Alao@saand` II kox x"xmahana sauQaaraoM " kox xAMitama carNa maoM ilaKaax,xjaba r}sa ekx AaOr x"xpairvata-na kox daOrx" sao gaujÜar rha qaax,xx"xyaUraopaIkxrNax" evama\ "xtaojÜaI sao hao rho xAaQauinakxIkxrNax" kxI idSaa maoM ekx AaOr Dgamagaataa kÜxdma baZÜa rha qaax| laoivana kox pa`Kyaata SabdaoM maoM (ijanhoM baad maoM laoinana nao Ta^lsTa^ya kox baaro maoM ilaKao ekx laoKa maoM pa`SaMsaapaUva-kx {wirta ikxyaa)x,xr}sa maoM {sa samaya eosaI pairisqaita qaIx,xx"xjaba saba kuxC {laT paulaT haonao kox baad ifÜxr sao samaoTa hI jaa rha qaax" (III , 26) <sup>19</sup> |"xAaÙaa kxaroinanaax"  tatkxalaIna jvalanta samasyaaAaoM kox baaro maoM takxao-M sao Bara hOx| magar yao vaad ivavaad mauKya paa~aaoM kxI pa`oma paIDÜa kxI hI Baa^Mitax(jaao ekx ivaSaoYa doSa evama\ ivaSaoYa kxala sao saMbaw hOM ) {panyaasa maoM kxhIM AiQakx ivastaINa-x,xkxala saImaa sao parox,x

saava-BaaOimakx pairmaaNa pa`apta kxrtao hOMx| Saayadx,xAnya baataaoM kox Alaavaax,xikxsaI ekx saMskRxita kxI pa`d<a ivaSaoYataaAaoM kxa

saava-i~akxtaa kox saaqa ikxyaa gayaa kxlaatmakx maola hI "AaÙaa kxaroinanaax" kxI ivaSvavyaapaI laaokxipa`yataa kxa kxarNa banaax|

baMgaalaI laoKakx Sarta\cand` caÕaopaaQyaaya kox {panyaasa "gaRh dahx" (1919) kxao [sa ivaSvavyaapaI laaokxipa`yataa kox Anaokx pa`maaNaaoM maoM sao ekx maanaa jaa sakxtaa hOx|

baMgaalaI saaihtya Baarta taqaa Aama taaOr sao diXaNaI eiSayaa kox Atyanta samaRw taqaa ivakxisata saaihtyaaoM maoM sao ekx hOx| [sakxa [itahasax(r}saI saaihtya kox [itahasa kxI Baa^Mitax) lagaBaga ekx hjÜaar vaYa- pauranaa hOx ²⁰ |

baMgaala par yaUraopaIya saMskRxita kxa ({sakox iba`iTSa r}pa maoMx) pa`Baava diXaNa eiSayaa kox Anya Xao~aaoM kxI ApaoXaa pahlao paDÜaàAaOr 19vaIM SataabdI maoM diXaNa eiSayaa[- {pamahaWIpa kox saaihtyaaoM maoM sava-pa`qama baMgaalaI saaihtya maoM AamaUla r}paantarNa huAaà(yaUraopaIya ivacaaraoM AaOr r}paaoM kxao svaIkxar ikxyao jaanao kox saMdBa- maoMx)x,xijasakxI {sa pairvata-na sao taulanaa kxI jaa sakxtaI hOx,xjaao r}saI saaihtya kox [itahasa maoM 18vaIM SataabdI maoM huAax; paustakxàmaud`Nax(evama\ saamaiyakx pai~akxaAaoM kox maud`Na) kxa pa`saarx,xkxlaatmakx kxqanagaVx kxI {tpai<a hu[-x²¹ (ijasao AMgao`jÜaI maoM fiction kxha jaataa hO) AaOr AMSata: {panyaasa kxI ivaQaa kxa AarMBa huAa ²²x| r}sa maoM taqaa baMgaala maoM BaI saMskRxita paiScamaI yaUraopaIya saaihityakx AnauBava Aatmasaata\ kxr rhI qaIx| magar baMgaala maoM (saaqa hIx,xSaoYa diXaNa eiSayaa maoM BaIx) [sa AnauBava kxao Aatmasaata\ kxrnaa r}sa kxI ApaoXaa kxhIM AiQakx kxizna qaax,x@yaaoMikx Baarta AaOr yaUraopa kox baIca kxI saaMskRxitakx dUrI r}sa kxao {sakox paiScamaI mahaWIpaIya paDÜaoisayaaoM sao Alaga kxrnao vaalaI dUrI sao kxhIM AiQakx qaIx|

18vaIMà19vaIM SataabdI kxa r}saI saaihtya paITr kox sauQaaraoM kox pairNaama svar}pa AaivaBaU-ta hue yaUraopaIkRxta "{cca vaga-x" Wara rcaa gayaa qaax,xAaOr pauranaa saaihtya yaa taao paarMpairkxx,xAyaUraopaIkRxta samaaja maoM Apanaa Aistatva banaae hue qaa yaa ifÜxr ivasmaRta hao caukxa qaax,xifÜxlahala taao navaiSaiXata samaaja kox ilayao A&aata hI qaax| baMgaala maoM (diXaNa eiSayaa kox Anya BaagaaoM kxI Baa^Mita) baata kuxC AaOr qaIx| yaha^M BaI ekx nayaox,xyaUraopaIya ZMga sao iSaiXata tabakÜox kxa {dya huAax,xAaOr 19vaIMà20vaIM SataabdI kxa baMgaalaI saaihtya mauKyata: [saI vaga- kxI inaima-ita hOx| magar diXaNa eiSayaa maoM parMparae^M paITraoparanta r}sa kxI ApaoXaa AiQakx pa`BaavaSaalaI rhIMx: nayao "x{cca vaga-x" kox saaqa saaqa hI paarMpairkx "{cca vaga-x" kxa Aistatva BaI banaa rhax,xjaaoxjanataa parx(AaOr AMSata: nayao bauiwjaIivayaaoM par BaI) gahra pa`Baava Dalataa rhax; pa`acaIna saaihityakx Qaraohr BaI jÜaaor Saaor sao Apanaa Aistatva banaae rhIx,xjaao na[- saaihityakx kRxitayaaoM sao haoDÜ laotaI rhIx²³ |

r}sa evama\ Baarta maoM yaid nayao saaihtya kxI {tpai<a kxI k`xmabawtaa kxI taulanaa kxI jaayao , taao ivaSaoYa r}pa sao laXaNaIya hOM gaVatmakx rcanaayaoMx({panyaasax,xlaGau{panyaasax,xkxqaae^M)x,xjaao AaQauinakx ikÜxsma kox saaihtya kxa pa`itainaiQatva kxrtaI hOMx| r}sa maoM pa`qama {panyaasaaoM kxa AaivaBaa-va huAa sana\ 1760 kox dSakx maoMx<sup>24</sup> ; pahlaa baMgaalaI {panyaasax(jaao ikx nayao BaartaIya saaihtya kxa pa`qama {panyaasa qaax)àlagaBaga saaO vaYa- baad pa`kxaiSata huAax,xsana\ 1850 kox dSakx maoM <sup>25</sup> | r}saI saaihtya kox ilayao 18vaIM SataabdI maanaao nayaI saMBaavanaaAaoM AaOr paqaaoM kxI Kaaoja kxa yauga qaax| [sa yauga kox isarmaaOr AaOr saaqa hI vaastaivakx AaQauinakx saaihtya kxI naIMva kox pa`itasqaapakx kox r}pa maoM jaanao jaatao hOM A. sao. paUiSkxnax(1799à1837)x| baMgaala maoM eosaI navaInataa kxI Kaaoja kxa yauga rhI 19vaIM SataabdIx,xAaOr {sakox iSaraomaNaI taqaa vaastaivakx AaQauinakx baMgaalaI saaihtya kxI naIMva rKanao vaalao qao rvaInd`naaqa T^gaaorx(1861à1941)x,xijanhaoMnao paUiSkxna kxI maRtyau kox lagaBaga AaQaI SataabdI kox baad xhI Apanao saaihtya kxI rcanaa AarMBa kxI|

Apanao jaIvana kxala maoM yaUraopa evama\ samaUcao ivaSva maoM maanyataa paanao vaalao pa`qama r}saI laoKakx qao [vaana taugao-naova (1818à1883)x,xAqaa-ta\ paUiSkxnaaoparanta paIZÜI kox laoKakxx| kuxC Antarala kox paScaata\ duinayaa nao Ta^lsTa^yax,xdaostaaoyaovskxI AaOr Anya r}saI laoKakxaoM kxao jaanaax|

Apanao jaIvana kxala maoM paUro ivaSva maoM pa`isawI pa`apta kxrnao vaalao BaartaIya laoKakx vahI baMgaalaI rcanaakxar x, rvaInd`naaqa T^gaaorx,qaox| magar yah gaÜaOr kxrnao laayakx baata hO ikx T^gaaor pa`isaw hue ekx kxiva kox r}pa maoMx²⁶ àgaV laoKakx kox r}pa maoM {nhoM kuxC kxma hI safÜxlataa imalaIx,xha^Mlaaik {nakox {panyaasa "gaaorax"  kxao (jaao pa`kxaiSata huAa qaa sana\ 1910 maoM) BaartaIya AalaaocakxaoM nao sava-Ea`oYz BaartaIya {panyaasa kxI saM&aa dIx,xAaOr {nakxI kxhainayaa^M Aaja takx baMgaalaI saaihtya maoM [sa ivaQaa kxa baohtarIna namaUnaa maanaI jaataI hOMx| magar rvaInd`naaqa T^gaaor kox gaV kxao ,xAama taaOr par na[- BaartaIya BaaYaaAaoM kox gaV kxI Baa^Mitax,xAba takx ivaSvavyaapaI maanyataa pa`apta nahIM hu[- qaIx²⁷ | hmaoM ABaI takx eosao BaartaIyax(diXaNa eiSayaa[-x) gaV laoKakxaoM kox baaro maoM jaanakxarI nahIM hOx,xijanakox naamax(kxma sao kxma ivaSva pa`isawI kox maapadNDÜ sao) taugao-naovax,xTa^lsTa^ya AaOr daostaaoyaovskxI kox saaqa rKao jaa sakoMxx²⁸ |

eosaI pairisqaita kox ilayao ijÜammaodar kxarNaaoM maoM saox,xSaayad sabasao mahtvapaUNa- kxarNa yah hO ikx AaQauinakx BaartaIya saaihtya kxa saamaaijakxàsaaMskRxitakx AaQaar Apanao hI doSa maoM kxafÜxI saIimata hOx,xAaOr {nhoM pa`acaIna saaihtya kxI Anaokx SataaibdyaaoM kxI pataao-M kox saaqa rhnaa paDÜtaa hOx,xjaao Aama janataa kox ilayaox(ijasakxa AiQakxaMSa inarXar hO) Aaitmakx Aahar hOx| dUsara ekx saMBaaivata kxarNa hOàiba`iTSa paUva- kxala maoM gaV kxI pauKÜtaa parMpara kxa ABaavax| mahtvapaUNa- baata yah BaI hO ikx diXaNa eiSayaa kxI AaQauinakx saMskRxitax,x[sa {pamahaWIpa maoM rhnao vaalao laaogaaoM kxa jaIvanax,xbahuta ivaiSaYT hOx,xAaOr [sailayao [sa jaIvana kxao ,x[sa saMskRxita kxao pa`itaibaMibata kxrnao vaalaa saaihtya Anya saMskRxitayaaoM kox pa`itainaiQayaaoM kox ilayao kxafÜxI hd takx ivaica~a AaOr Alpa AakxlanaIya hI rhogaax| ifÜrx,xbaatax,xSaayad yah BaI hao ikx AaQauinakx BaartaIyax(diXaNa eiSayaa[-) gaV kxao Apayaa-pta maa~aa maoM x(AaOróyaa Apayaa-pta r}pa sao AcCa) Anauvaaidta ikxyaa jaataa hOx |

 ivaSva saaihtya kox ivakxasa maoM x,xAaOr diXaNa eiSayaa maoM x(jaOsao ikx r}sa maoM BaI) AaQauinakx saaihtya kox ivakxasa maoM AnauvaadaoM kxI baDÜI mahtvapaUNa- BaUimakxa rhI hOx|

kox. Aar. Ea`Iinavaasa AyyaMgaar nao Baarta maoM {panyaasa kox "xivakxasa kxI AvasqaaAaoMx" kxI  inamna x"xtakÜxrIbanax"x(AaOrx,xspaYTx,xsarlaIkRxta) r}pa roKaa kxa vaNa-na ikxyaa hOxx:

1. baa[ibala kox BaartaIya BaaYaaAaoM maoM Anauvaadx(saMBavata: [sa "xAvasqaa " kxao kuxC ivastaRta r}pa sao samaJanaa haogaaàyaha^M AaSaya hO AnaUidta evama\ maUla [-saa[- rcanaaAaoM kox pa`kxaSana saox)x|
2. fÜMx@Sanalax(vyaavahairkx) gaV ({da. pa~aàpai~akxae^Mx,xSaOXaiNakx taqaa pa`Saasainakx AalaoKa [tyaaid ) kxa {dyax|
3. saMskRxta taqaa Anya x"xpaUvaI-x" @laaisa@sa kox Anauvaad evama\ r}paantarNax|
4. paiScamaI @laaisa@sax,xijanamaoM {panyaasa BaI Saaimala hOx,xkox Anauvaad evama\ r}paantarNax|
5. ,maUla {panyaasaaoM kxI rcanaaàjaao ivaiBaÙa saImaaAaoM takx yaUraopaIya namaUnaaoM kxI yaa taao nakÜxla kxrtao qao yaa {nasao pa`oirta qaox²⁹ |

yaha^M hmaoM 4qaI AaOr 5vaIM Avasqaae^M ³⁰ AakxiYa-ta kxrtaI hOMx| diXaNa eiSayaa maoM ivadoSaI rcanaaAaoM kox r}paantarNa kxI pa`ik`xyaa kxafÜxI laaokxipa`ya rhIx(AaOr Saayad ABaI BaI hOx)x| [sa dRiYT sao diXaNa Baarta kxI (d`ivaDÜ) BaaYaaAaoM x maoM sao ekx àtaolaugau kxa pahlaa {panyaasa {llaoKanaIya hOx| jÜaao. ina. pao~aUinacaovaa kox laoKa kxa ekx saundr AMSa pa`stauta hOx:

"{panyaasa kxI ivaQaa kxa pa`aduBaa-vax,xjaao taolaugau saaihtya maoMx,x xBaarta kox Anya saaihtyaaoM kxI Baa^Mitax,xAMga`ojÜaI {panyaasa kox saIQao pa`Baava kox Antaga-ta huAax,xtatkxalaIna ivaSaoYa pa`kxar kxI laaokxipa`ya saaihityakx rcanaaAaoMx,x"xAnauvaadàr}paantarNaaoM " sao jauDÜa hOx| paiScama kox ikxsaI {panyaasa ivaSaoYa kxI ivaYaya vastau kxao AaQaar banaa kxrx,xBaartaIya laoKakx nao ApanaIx,xbahuta kuxC maUlax,xrcanaa kxa inamaa-Na ikxyaax,xmauKya paa~aaoM kxao BaartaIya naama idyao gayaox,x{nhoM paUrbaI vaoYaBaUYaa sao sajaayaa gayaax,xGaTnaa k`xma kxao BaartaIya BaUima par laayaa gayaa AaOr ivaYaya vastau kxa r]Jaana BaartaIya pairisqaitayaaoM kxI Aaor maaoDÜa gayaax| [sa pa`kxar kxndukUxrI vaIroSailaMgamax(1848à1919)x,xtaolaugau gaV kox maUla paur]Yax,xnao ilaKaa x"xrajaSaoKar cair~ax" naamakx {panyaasax| [sa {panyaasa kxao gaaolDismaqa kox x"ivakxar Aa^fÜ dI vaO@safÜxIlDx" kxI ivaYaya vastau kox AaQaar par ilaKaa gayaa hOx,xmagar gaa^Mva kox paadrI kxao ba`aÓNa banaa idyaa gayaax| rcanaa kxa kxqaanakxàpaadrI kxI fÜuxsalaa[- ga[- AaOr tyaaga dI ga[- baoTI kxI kxhanaI nahIM Aipatau ivaQavaaàivavaah kxI kxhanaI hOàjaao BaartaIya sauQaarkxaoM kxa ivaSaoYa ivaYaya rha hOx| pairNaama svar}pa yah {panyaasax,xijasao AanQa` kox Anaokx saaihtyaSaais~ayaaoMM nao x"xivakxar Aa^fÜ dI vaokxfÜxIlDx" kox Anauvaad yaa r}paantarNa kxI saM&aa dI hOx,x[tanaa xx"xmaUlax" bana jaataa hO ikx landna maoM sana\ 1887 maoM ekx svatan~a rcanaa kox r}pa maoM

x"xvhIla Aa^fÜx fÜxa^ca-Unax" naama sao [sakxa Anauvaad BaI ikxyaa gayaa hOx³¹ |

BaartaIya laoKakxaoM nao A@sar svayama\ hI [sa baata kxa {llaoKa ikxyaa hO ikx {nhaoMnao AMga`ojÜaI kxI ikxsa rcanaa kxao AaQaar banaayaa hOx| {dahrNa kox ilayao najÜaIr Ahmadx(1836à1912) nao svaIkxar ikxyaa hO ikx Apanaa dUsara {panyaasax({dU- BaaYaa maoM) x"xbanaataà{naànaaSa x" (jaao 1870 kox dSakx kox AarMBa maoM Cpaa qaa),x{nhaoMnao AMga`ojÜaI laoKakx qaa^masa Dox(1748à1789) kxI paustakx "saOnDfÜaoD- AaOr maoT-na kxI kxhanaIx"  kxI x"tajÜa- parx" ilaKaa qaa ³² | kxBaI kxBaI baata paUro {panyaasa kxI nahIM ,xbailkx ikxsaI ekx paa~a kxI hI haotaI qaIx| 19vaIM SataabdI kox baMgaalaI x"x@laaisakxlax" laoKakx baMikxmacand` caÕaopaaQyaayax(1838à1894) nao Apanao {panyaasa "rjanaIx" xxkxI  pa`staavanaa maoM ilaKaa hO ikx {nakox [sa {panyaasa kxI naaiyakxa rjanaI eDvaD- jaa^ja- baulvaràilaÕaona(Edward George Bulwer-Lytton, 1803-1873) kox {panyaasa "paaompao[- kox AMitama idnax"  kxI naaiyakxa naIidyaa kxa pa`itar}pa hOxx³³ |

idlacaspa baata yah hO ikx x"xAnauvaadàr}paantarNax" na koxvala AMga`ojÜaI {panyaasaaoM kox bailkx BaartaIya BaaYaaAaoM maoM ilaKao gayao {panyaasaaoM kox BaI ikxyao gayaox| {dahrNa kox ilayao sana\ 1889 maoM pa`kxaiSata malayaalama kox {panyaasa "[ndulaoKaax" kxao 19vaIMà20vaIM SataabdI kox saMiQakxala maoM taolaugau maoM r}paantairta ikxyaa gayaa ³⁴ |

"xr}paantarNax" yaa x"xAnauvaadàr}paantarNax" Saayad Anaokx saaihtyaaoM kox ivakxasa kxI AarMiBakxx,xx"xivaVaqaI-x" dSaa maoM haonao vaalaI saava-i~akx pa`ik`xyaa hOx³⁵ |

18vaIM SataabdI kox r}saI saaihtya maoM BaI {nakxa ivaSaoYa sqaana hOx| naaTkxkxar evama\ Anauvaadkx vla. [. laukxInax(1737à1794) kxa {llaoKa kxrnaa payaa-pta haogaax,xijasanao f`xaMsaIsaI naaTkxaoM kxao jaanabaUJakxr "hmaarI AadtaaoM maoM Saaimala ikxyaax" ,xAaOr saaqa hI pa`qama r}saI {panyaasakxar Fyaao. A. emaInax(1735à1770) kxax,xijasanao Apanao saaihityakx jaIvana kxa pa`arMBa hI x"xAnauvaadaoM àr}paantarNaaoM " sao ikxyaa qaax|

hr ivaiSaYT rcanaa kxa ivastaarpaUva-kx ivaSlaoYaNa kxrnaa AavaSyakx hO yah jaananao kox ilayao ikx yah na[- rcanaa ikxsa hd takx {sa rcanaa par inaBa-r hOx,xijasakxa vah x"xAnauvaadàr}paantarNax" hOx|xmagar [sa x"hdx" kxao gaiNataIya AcaUkxtaa sao naapanaa Saayad hI saMBava hOx| AaOr samaanataaóAsamaanataa yaa maaOilakxtaaóAmaaOilakxtaa kox AaQaar par iBaÙa iBaÙa rcanaaAaoM kxao ikxsaI k`xma (yaa ikxnhIM paMi@tayaaoM) maoM rKanaa BaI Saayad hI saMBava hOx|xAaiKÜar hr rcanaa ikxnhIM ivaiSaYT pa`qaaAaoM(parMparaAaoM)M kox dayaro maoM janma laotaI hO AaOr ikxsaI na ikxsaI r}pa maoM [sa x(Aqavaa "Aatmasaata\x" kxI ga[-) x"pa`qaax"(parMpara) kox Antaga-ta ikxnhIM paUva-vataI- rcanaaAaoM sao saMbaMiQata haotaI hOx|

"xpaUNa-ta: maaOilakx rcanaax"à{tanaa hI Apa`apya AadSa-x,  x{tanaI hI kxilpata saImaa pa`taIta haotaI hO ,xijatanaa ikx x"xsampaUNa- AcaUkx Anauvaadx"x|yaid hmaaro paasa rcanaaAaoM kxI x"xmaaOilakxtaax" naapanao kxa kxao[- AcaUkx paOmaanaa haotaa AaOr hma ivaSva saaihtya kxI saBaI rcanaaAaoM kxao [na daonaaMox,x{payau-@tax,xsaImaaAaoMx("xsampaUNa- maaOilakx rcanaax" ekx tarfÜx evama\ x"xsampaUNa- AcaUkx Anauvaadx" dUsarI tarfÜxx) kox baIca ekx sarla roKaa par rKa sakxtaox,xtaao yah kxhnaa mauiSkxla hO ikx hmaarI rcanaae^M [sa roKaa par ikxsa pa`kxar fÜOxlaI hu[- haotaIMx,x{namaoM sao AiQakxaMSa ikxsa Caor kxI Aaor JaukxtaIMx,xAaOr @yaa ikxsaI eosaI "xk`ximakx paRqakxtaax"(a "break of continuity") kxao pa`apta ikxyaa jaa sakxtaax,xjaao maaOilakx AaOr AmaaOilakx rcanaaAaoM kxa sahI sahI ivaBaajana kxr sakxtaIMx|

Anauvaad r}paantarNa AaOr maaOilakx rcanaa kox baIca kxI saImaae^M ikxtanaI saapaoiXakx haotaI hOMx,x[sakxa {dahrNa hO malayaalama BaaYaa koxx {}par inaid-YT pa`qama {panyaasa "[ndulaoKaax"x(mauKya naaiyakxa kox naama par) kxI rcanaax| Aao. candU maonanax(1847à1899)x,x[sa {panyaasa kox rcanaakxarx,xkxa [rada pahlao Anauvaad kxrnao kxa qaax(Apanao ima~aaoM kox AnauraoQa par)x,xAMga`ojÜaI sao malayaalama maoMx,xbaoMjaaimana idjÜa`a[laIx(laa^D- baIkxnsafÜxIlD) kox {panyaasa "xhOnrIeT Tompalax" kxax,xAaOr {nhaoMnao kxama Saur} BaI kxr idyaax| magar candU maonana SaIGa` hI samaJa gayao ikx pa`staaivata Anauvaad kxrnaa Atyanta kxizna haogaax,x@yaaoMikx AMga`ojÜaI jaivana kxI AnaokxaoM vaastaivakxtaaAaoM kxao samaJaanaa haogaax,xAaOr [sailayao {nhaoMnao x"kxmaaobaoSa AMga`ojÜaI {panyaasa kox namaUnao par malayaalama maoM {panyaasa ilaKanao kxIx" zanaI <sup>36</sup> |xAaQauinakx xiba`iTSa Baartaivad\ Aar. eoSarx(R.E.Asher) [sa baata kxI pauiYT kxrtao hOM ikx "[ndulaoKaax"  kxI "hOinreT Tompala"  sao naama maa~a kxI samaanataa hOx: "hOinreT Tompalax"  maanaao "[ndulaoKaax"  kxI rcanaa kox ilayao {d\gama ibandu isaw hu[-x³⁷ |

19 vaIM SataabdI kox @laaisakxla r}saI saaihtya maoM BaI eosao {dahrNa doKao jaa sakxtao hOMx,xjaha^M r}saI rcanaa ikxsaI na ikxsaI r}pa maoM x,xikxsaI na ikxsaI Aqa- maoM ikxsaI paiScamaI yaUraopaIya rcanaa kox namaUnao par rcaI ga[- haox|

vaa. yaa. bya`Usaaova nao "paUiSkxnaàkxlaakxarx" (1924) naamakx laoKa maoM ilaKaa hOx:

" paUiSkxna nayao r}saI saaihtya kox inamaa-taa qao....paUiSkxna sao pahlao hmaaro yaha^M laoKakx AaOr kxiva taao qaox,xmagar saaihtya na qaax| {sakxI na[- naIMva rKanaa jÜar}rI qaa AaOr [sakox ilayao navajaata r}saI saaihtya maoM sava-pa`qama vah saba laanaa jÜar}rI qaax,xjaao ikxyaa gayaa qaa...paiScama maoM AaOr paUrba maoMx,xAaidkxala maoMx,xmaQyakxala maoM AaOr AaQauinakx kxala maoM....|xikxsaI  saaihityakx smaarkx kxao doKakxr paUiSkxna svayaM sao paUCa kxrtaox: "x@yaa yah r}saI maoM ikxyaa jaa sakxtaa hOx?x"àAaOr yahx,xinaScaya hI {d\gama ibandu qaa {sakxI Anaokx rcanaaAaoM kxax| "xpaUiSkxna maoM 'hr caIjÜa saRjanax'  qaIx"x,xdUsaro laaogaàpaZÜtao hOMx,baar baar paZÜtao hOMx,xmanana kxrtao hOMx; paUiSkxnaàvahI saba rcatao rhox,xdubaara {sakxa inamaa-Na kxrtao rhox,xAaOr yah {nakxa Aatmasaata\ kxrnao kxa tarIkÜxa qaax|

kxBaI kxBaI taao yah ikxsaI rcanaa kxa isafÜ-x xxmaUla Baava haotaax,xijasao kxiva duhranaa caahtao ,xikxnhIM saMSaaoQanaaoMx,xr}paantarNaaoM saihtax|xkxBaIàyah {sa smaarkx rcanaa kxI maUla Aatmaa haotaIx,xivaiSaYT ,xAaOr xhmaaro saaihtya sao iBaÙa ,xijasao maUta- r}pa donao kxI kxiva kxao [cCa haotaIx| kxBaI rcanaatmakxtaa kxa ekx safÜxla r}pa saamanao Aataax,xijasakxa {payaaoga kxrnao kxao jaI caahtaax|kxBaIànayao pa`kxar kxI inaima-ita idKaa[- dotaI...|x[sa baata kxI pauiYT kxrnaI haogaI ikx paUiSkxna kxI pa`orNaa paustakxaoM sao yaax(Aama taaOr par) saaihityakx rcanaaAaoM saox(ijasamaoM maaOiKakx rcanaae^M BaI Saaimala hOM ) A@sar vaOsaI hI jaagaRta haotaI rhIx,xjaOsaI ikx jaIvana saox| yah satya hO ikx paUiSkxna maoM [na x"xikxtaabaIx" pa`orNaaAaoM maoM jaIvana sao pa`apta isawantaaoM kxao BaI ZÜalanao kxI Xamataa qaI ³⁸ |

vaa. yaa.xbya`Usaaova kox [na SabdaoM kxax ekx saundr {dahrNa hO sa. laUya-o kxa laoKa paUiSkxna kxI "kxptaana kxI baoTIx" kox saMdBa- maoM <sup>39</sup> | "kxptaana kxI baoTIx" AaOr vaalTr skxa^T kox "xra^ba ra^yax" kox kxqaanakxaoM kxI inaiva-vaad samaanataa kxao dSaa-tao hue laUya-o ilaKatao hOM : "xpaUiSkxna skxa^T kxI Aaor AakxiYa-ta hue AaOr caahnao par "kxptaana kxI baoTIx" maoM kuxC eosao sqaana ZUMZo jaa sakxtao hOMx,xjaao "ra^ba ra^yax" sao ilayao gayao {wrNaaoM sao kxafÜxI imalatao jaulatao hOMx| magar kxqaanakx AaOr {wrNaaoM kxI samaanataa sao BaI AiQakx mahtvapaUNa- hO [itahasa kxao {panyaasa maoM pairvaita-ta kxrnao kxa sabakÜx jaao AMga`ojÜaI laoKakx nao idyaa hOx" ⁴⁰ |

[saI tarh sao ina. ivalamaaonta nao yah pa`diSa-ta ikxyaa hO ikx x"Aahta AaOr Apamaainatax" kxI rcanaa kxrtao samaya FÜyaao. ima. daostaaoyaovskxI nao f`xIid`KaÜx iSallaor kox naaTkx "kxpaT AaOr pa`omax" ("Kabale und Liebe"--in English: " Intrigue and Love" sao kxafÜxI madd laI qaI ⁴¹ |xina. ivalamaaonta kox Anausaar x" iSallaor kox naaTkx kox kxqaanakx kxao....AaQaar kox r}pa maoM ilayaa gayaa hOx" daostaaoyaovskxI kox {panyaasa maoM BaIàAta: kxha jaa sakxtaa hO ikx hmaara paalaa x"xlagaBaga ekx hI kxqaanakx sao paDÜtaa hOx" ⁴² |

Aba hma Sarta\cand` caÕaopaaQyaaya kox vyai@tatva evama\ kRxitatva taqaa {nakox {panyaasa "gaRh dahx"  kxI Aaor mauDÜ sakxtao hOMx|

Sarta\cand` caÕaopaaQyaayax(yaa caTjaI- <sup>43</sup> ) (1876 <sup>44</sup> à1938) 20vaIM SataabdI kox baMgaala kox AaOr Baarta kox AtyaiQakx pa`isaw laoKakxaoM maoM sao hOM | saaqa hI {nakox kRxitatva kxa AQyayana  Apayaa-pta hI huAa hOàkxma sao kxma baMgaala sao baahrx| baMgaalaI maoM hue saMSaaoQanaaoM kox Alaavaax(ijana par yaha^M ivacaar nahIM hao rha hOx)x,xisafÜ-x kuxC hI CaoTo maaoTox(AaOr vah BaI kxafÜxI pauranao) maaonaaoga`aFÜsa hOM {nakox baaro maoMx,xjaao BaartaIya laoKakxaoM Wara AMga`ojÜaI maoM ilaKao gayao hOM ⁴⁵ | ekx BaI paiScamaI yaa r}saI Baarta\ivad naox,xjaha^M takx mauJao &aata hOx,xAba takx {na par saMSaaoQanaatmakx maaonaaoga`afÜx nahIM ilaKaa hOx|

Sarta\cand` kxI jaIvanaI maoM kuxC ir@ta sqaana hOMx(ivaSaoYa r}pa sao {nakxI BaItarI ijÜandgaI kox baaro maoMx)x,xmagar kxafÜxI hd takx vah (jaIvanaI)xivaidta hOx| {nakxa janma ekx CaoTo sao baMgaalaI gaa^Mva dobaanandpaurx(ijalaa hugalaI <sup>46</sup> ) maoM huAax| BaavaI laoKakx kox ipataa iSaiXata taao qaox,xmagar inaQa-na AaOr ABaagao qaox|xjÜaaihr hO ikx [saIilayao {nhoM ApanaI patnaI evama\ naaO baccaaoM samaota baMgaala kox paDÜaosaI rajya ibahar kox Baagalapaur Sahr maoM jaakxr basanaa paDÜax,xjaha^M {nakox QanaI Svasaur koxdarnaaqa gaMgaaopaaQyaayax(gaaMgaulaI) Apanao caar Baa[yaaoM kox saaqa paarMpairkx BaartaIya saMyau@ta pairvaar maoM rhtao qaox| Sarta\cand` kxa bacapana AaOr AarMiBakx yauvaavasqaa [saI x"saMyau@ta pairvaarx" maoM gaujÜarox,xAta: {sakxI AcCa[yaaoM AaOrxxbaura[yaaoM kxao vah BalaI Baa^Mita jaana gayao qao ⁴⁷ | {nakox jaIvanaIkxaraoM kox Anausaar BaavaI laoKakx Baagalapaur maoM paazSaalaa maoM paZÜtao qaox,xAaOrx,xAnya baataaoM kox Alaavaax,xica~akxairtaa maoM r]ica rKatao qaox,xdaostaaoM kox saaqa imalakxr hstailaiKata pai~akxa inakxalaa kxrtao AaOr saaqa hI SaaOikÜxyaa iqayaoTr maoM kxama ikxyaa kxrtaox,xmaihlaa paa~aaoM kxI BaUimakxa maoM vao kxafÜxI laaokxipa`ya BaI hue ⁴⁸ |

sana\ 1895 maoM maa^M kxI maRtyau kox paScaata\ AaOr ipataa sao hu[- Anabana kox kxarNax,xSarta\cand` Baagalapaur CaoDÜkxr calao gayaox|xvao ikxsaI sanyaasaI yaa Aavaara kox baIca kxI isqaita maoM

qao ⁴⁹ ,kxBaI kxBaar kuxC CuTpauT kxmaa[- hao jaataI qaIx(saMgaIta AaOr gaanao bajaanao sao) ⁵⁰ | sana\ 1902 maoM ipataa kxI maRtyau kox baadx,xekx AaOr saMkxT Aayaax,xAaOr janavarI sana\ 1903 maoM vao , jaoba maoM bagaÜOr fÜUxTI kxaODÜI kox ,xrMgaUna calao gayaox,xjaha^M {nakox maamaa ekx pa`isaw vakxIla qaox<sup>51</sup> |bamaa- maoM Sarta\cand` dsa vaYa- sao AiQakx rhox,xmauKya r}pa sao @lakxI- kxrkox jaIvana yaapana kxrtao rhox| magar kuxC kxala takx taao vah bamaa- maoM BaI inar]_oSya GaUmatao rhox,xx"xbaaOw iBaXau kxI vaoYaBaUYaa maoMx"x⁵² |

bacapana sao hI Sarta\cand` kxao ikxtaabaoM paZÜnao kxa bahuta SaaOkÜx qaax,xAaOr rMgaUna maoM {nhoM svayaM kxao iSaiXata kxrnao kxa AcCa maaOkÜxa imala gayaax| {nakox ekx jaIvanaIkxar vaI. esa. narvaNao ilaKatao hOMx:xx"xvaox(yaanaI Sarta\cand`àsao. sao.) AtaRpta paazkx qaox|xlagaBaga pa`itaidna vao kuxC samaya banaa-D- laa[ba`orI maoM ibataataox,xyaUraopaIya saaihtya evama\ dSa-na Saas~a kox @laaisa@sa paZÜtaox| daSa-inakxaoM maoM spaonsar AaOr kxanT taqaa {panyaasakxaraoM maoM iDkoxnsax,xjÜaaolyaax,xTa^lsTa^ya AaOr maODma hOnrI vauD ⁵³ {nakox ipa`ya laoKakx qaox| ekx baar {nhaoMnao kxha qaa ikx "AaÙaa kxaroinanaax"x^xkxao vao dsa sao AiQakx baar paZÜ caukox hMOxx" ⁵⁴ |x

hmaaro ivaYaya kox ilayao {payaaogaI [sa taqya kxao yaad rKatao huex,x{sakxI taulanaa Anya jaanakxairyaaoM sao kxroMgao jaaox Sarta\cand` kox AarMiBakx saaihityakx AnauBavaaoM sao saMbaMiQata hOM| saubaaoQacand` saonagaupta kox Anausaar laoKana kxI Aaor r]Jaana Sarta\cand` kox idla maoM kxafÜxI pahlao hI pa`kxT hao caukxa qaax,xtaBaI jaba vah Baagalapaur maoM Apanao naanaa kox Gar maoM rhtao qaox:xx"x{sanao Azarh vaYa- kxI Aayau sao ilaKanaa AarMBa ikxyaax| pahlaI rcanaax,xSaayad {panyaasa qaIx,xijasakxI paaMDuilaipa kxao {sanao naYT kxr idyaax| dUsara AarMiBakx {panyaasax,xjaao kxBaI Cpa nahIM sakxa qaax,"xAiBamaanax" qaa AaOr yah ma^Dma hOnrI vauD (Henry Wood)kox {panyaasa "East-Lynnex" par AaQaairta qaax; yah BaI kxhtao hOM ikx {nhaoMnao maOrI kxaorolaIx(Marie Corelli) kxI kxhanaI "The Mighty Atom" kxa Anauvaad BaI ikxyaa qaax,xmagar [namaoM sao ikxsaI BaI rcanaa kxI paaMDuilaipa Aistatva maoM nahIM hOx"x⁵⁵ |

saubaaoQacand` saonagaupta kxI [na saMiXapta paMi@tayaaoM maoM ivacaar kxrnao laayakx kuxC jaanakxarI taao AvaSya hOx| {parao@ta AMga`ojÜaI laoiKakxaAaoM kxI rcanaaAaoM sao paircaya Saayad Sarta\cand` kox saaihityakx jaIvana kox s~aaotax,x{nakxI BaaYaa evama\ SaOlaI kox ivakxasa par pa`kxaSa Dala sakxtaax| duBaa-gyavaSax,xhmaaro "saaihtya Saas~ax" nao [na daonaaoM laoiKakxaAaoM kxaox,xeosaa lagataa hO ikx AnadoKaa kxr idyaa hOx| {nakox naama hmaaro ivaSvakxaoYaaoM  maoM nahIM hOMàna taao saMiXapta saaihityakx ivaSvakxaoYa  maoMx,xna hI baRhta saaoivayata ivaSvakxaoYa  kox taInaaoM saMskxrNaaoM maoM sao ikxsaI ekx maoMx| ikxntau sana\ 1917 kxI k`xaMita sao paUva- pa`kxaiSataxàba`aokxha{sa AaOr efÜ`xaona kox ivaSvakxaoYa  maoMx,AaOr xga`onaaT kox enasaa[@laaopaIiDyaa SabdkxaoYa  maoM vauD evama\ maOrI kxaorolaI kox baaro maoM ivaSaoYax(ha^Mlaaikx saMiXapta) laoKa hOMx,xjaao 19vaIM SataabdI maoM taqaa 20vaIM SataabdI kox AarMBa maoM r}sa maoM {nakxI rcanaaAaoM kxI laaokxipa`yataa kxao pa`diSa-ta kxrtao hOMx|

Britannica CD 2000 xkox Anausaar maODma hOnrI vauDx,xivavaahpaUva- elaona pa`a[sax(Ellen Price 1814à1887) ,xAMga`ojÜaI laoiKakxa qaIMx,xijanhaoMnao Atyanta laaokxipa`ya {panyaasa "East Lynne" (1861) <sup>56</sup> ilaKaa qaax,xjaao "xsad\gauNaaoM kox patana kxI ekx Atyanta saMvaodnaSaIla AaOr naOitakx kxqaa hOx| Anaokx BaaYaaAaoM maoM AnaUidta <sup>57</sup> [sa {panyaasa par ekx safÜxla naaTkx BaI rcaa gayaa qaax,xAaOr {sakox kxqaanakx kxI kx[- laaokxipa`ya rcanaaAaoM maoM nakÜxla kxI ga[- qaI ⁵⁸ "x|

maOrI kxaorolaIx(1864à1924) ⁵⁹ BaI Atyanta laaokxipa`ya laoiKakxa qaIM 19vaIM SataabdI kox Antaà20vaIM SataabdI kox AarMBa maoM | r}sa maoM BaI vao laaokxipa`ya qaIMx| {}par {llaoiKata {nakxI kxhanaI "The Mighty Atom" ,xjaao sana\ 1896 maoM pa`kxaiSata hu[- qaIx,xsana\ 1897 maoM x"xbaala mana kxI kxhanaIx| laGau {panyaasax,xjaao baccaaoM kox ilayao nahIM hOx"  kox naama sao r}saI Anauvaad maoM pa`kxaiSata hu[-àAaOr sana\ 1911 takx [sakox paa^Mca saMskxrNa inakxla caukox qaox |

magar [na AMga`ojÜaI laoiKakxaAaoM kox saaihtya kox ivastaRta AQyayana kxao BaivaYya kox hvaalao kxrtao hue Aa[yaox,xcalaoM hmaaro laoKa kox naayakx kxI Aaorx| sana\ 1907 maoM Sarta\cand` kox ima~aaoM nao kxlakx<ao maoM {nakxa {panyaasax(r}saI saaihityakx parMpara kxI dRiYT sao laGau {panyaasaódIGa- kxqaa) ⁶⁰ "baDÜI bahnax"  pa`kxaiSata ikxyaax,xijasanaox,xe.na. kxaomaraova kox Anausaarx,x"xsamaaja kxa Qyaana ApanaI Aaor AakxiYa-ta ikxyaax,x@yaaoMikx laoKakx nao yauvaa ivaQavaa kox pa`oma kxa sahanauBaUitapaUNa- vaNa-na kxrnao kxI QaRYztaa kxIxx" ⁶¹ | yah laGau {panyaasa bahuta laaokxipa`ya huAax(jaba takx vah pai~akxa maoM gaumanaama laoKakx kxI rcanaa kox r}pa maoM Cpataa rhax,xkuxC paazkx saaocatao qao ikx  {sakox laoKakx rvaInd`naaqa T^gaaor hOMx)x,xmagar sana\ 1913 sao hI Sarta\cand` nao inayaimata r}pa sao saaihityakx gaitaivaiQayaa^M AarMBa kxr dIMx| sana\ 1916 maoM vao baMgaala laaOTo AaOr kxlakx<aa kox inakxT ekx gaa^Mva maoM basa gayaox| {nakxI laaokxipa`yataa kxBaI kxma na hu[-àvao ekx kox baad ekx paustakoMx ilaKatao AaOr pa`kxiSata kxrtao rhoàAaOrx,xjaOsaa ikx kxha jaataa hOx,xpahlao eosao BaartaIya laoKakx bana gayaox,xjaao saaihtya saRjana sao AcCa KÜaasaa kxmaa laotao qaox| Sarta\cand` kxa sana\ 1938 maoM kxlakx<aa maoM 62 vaYa- kxI Aayau maoM ApanaI laaokxipa`yataa kxI carma saImaa par inaQana hao gayaax| vao Apanao paICo baIsa sao AiQakx {panyaasa evama\ laGau {panyaasa AaOr Anaokx kxhainayaaoM kxI saaihityakx Qaraohr CaoDÜ gayao ⁶² |

AaQauinakx baMgaailayaaoM kox maanasa maoM Sarta\cand` kxa sqaana rvaInd`naaqa kxI (jaao inassaMdoh ekx AaraQyax,xsavaao-tkRxYT hOMx)xbagala maoM hI hOx,xkxBaI kxBaI vao Apanao mahana saaihityakx baMQau sao Aagao BaI inakxla gayao hOMx: T^gaaor maanaao Aasamaana maoM rhnao vaalao qaox(yaUraopa maoM {nhoM kxhtaox:x"xAaoilaimpayanax",xjaOsao gyaaotaoo qaox)x|xSarta\cand`àbaMgaailayaaoM kxIx(ivaSaoYakxr baMgaalaI ihnduAaoM kxIx) raojÜamara- kxIx,xsaaQaarNa ijÜandgaI kxa ica~aNa kxrnao vaalao laoKakx qao <sup>63</sup> |xAaOr [sa Xao~a maoM mahana rvaInd`naaqa kxI BaI {nasao taulanaa nahIM kxI jaa sakxtaIx|

AaQauinakx baMgaalaI SaaoQakxtaa- saubaaoQacand` saonagaupta Sarta\cand` kox baaro maoM ApanaI paustakx kxa AarMBa [sa pa`kxar kxrtao hOMx:x "xrvaInd`naaqa T^gaaor AaOr Sarta\cand` caTjaI- baIsavaIM SataabdI kox baMgaalaI saaihtya kxI mahana histayaa^M hOM....." <sup>64</sup> |xSarta\cand` kox baaro maoM ilaKao gayao Anaokx laoKaaoM maoM Gaumaa ifxra kxr yahI kxqana baar baar doKaa jaa sakxtaa hOx⁶⁵ |

dao Anya {paivaYaya ijanhoM A@sar duhrayaa jaataa hOx,xvao hOMàbaMgaala maoM daonaaoM laoKakxaoM kxI laaokxipa`yataa kxI taulanaax(kxBaI kxBaI Sarta\cand` kxa palaDÜa BaarI idKaa[- dotaa hOx) AaOr [sa baata par jaÜaor donaa ikx Sarta\cand` kxI rcanaaAaoM kxa Anaokx BaartaIya BaaYaaAaoM maoM Anauvaad huAa hOx(Saayad T^gaaor kxI rcanaaAaoM sao kuxC AiQakx hIx) AaOr vao samaUcao Baarta maoMx,xbaMgaala kxI saImaaAaoM sao parox,xAtyanta laaokxipa`ya hOMx| saupa`isaw baMgaalaI BaaYaaivad\ saunaIita kuxmaar caTjaI- kxhtao hOMx: x"xrvaInd`naaqa T^gaaor koxx baad xAtyaiQakx laaokxipa`ya baMgaalaI laoKakx hOMàSarta\cand` caTjaI- ⁶⁶ | Apanao saIQao yaa Anya BaaYaaAaoM kox maaQyama sao ikxyao gayao AnauvaadaoM kox kxarNa vao Anya BaartaIya BaaYaaAaoM maoM BaI laaokxipa`ya hOM <sup>67</sup> | AaQauinakx BaartaIya saaihtya maoM  maanaisakx ivaSlaoYaNa kox ivakxasa par {nhaoMnao gahra pa`Baava CaoDÜa hO ⁶⁸ |

ivaiBaÙa saMskRxitayaaoM kxa taulanaatmakx AQyayana kxrnao vaalao SaaoQakxtaa- kxao ekx Aaor Sarta\cand` kxI rcanaaAaoM kxIbaMgaala taqaa paUro diXaNa eiSayaa maoM Aqaah laaokxipa`yataa evama\ dUsarI Aaor BaartaIya saaMskRxitakx pairvaoSa sao baahr {nakox baaro maoM lagaBaga sampaUNa- A&aanataa kox baIca kxI x"xKaa[-x" AakxiYa-ta kxrtaI hOx| dUsaro SabdaoM maoM Sarta\cand` kox {panyaasax,xlaGau {panyaasa evama\ kxhainayaa^Mx(Aba takx) ivaSva saaihtya kox x"xbaajÜaarx" maoM nahIM paMhuca paayao hOM <sup>69</sup> | AMga`ojÜaI maoM Sarta\cand` kxI rcanaaAaoM kxa ,xBaartaIya BaaYaaAaoM kxI ApaoXaax,xkxafÜxI kxma Anauvaad huAa hOx,xAaOr vah BaI isafÜ-x Baarta maoM hI huAa hO <sup>70</sup> | [sakox paICo @yaa kxarNa hao sakxtaa hOx? @yaa {sa (baIsavaIM SataabdI kox AarMiBakx baMgaalaIàihndUAaoM kox)xjagatax kxI Atyanta ivaiSaYT saMskRxitax,xijasakxa vaNa-na Sarta\cand` nao ikxyaa hOx? {nakxI ApanaI saaihityakx ivaSaoYataae^Mx(~auiTyaa^Mxx?)x? AnauvaadkxaoM kxI saIimata yaaogyataae^M AaOr (Aqavaax) {nakox gaV kxI Ananauvaaidtaax? Apayaa-pta pa`caarx? BaavaI SaaoQakxtaa- kxao [sa baaro maoM saaocanaa haogaa ⁷¹ |

ifÜxlahala dao pa`isaw saaihtyakxaraoM AaOr ekx pa`isaw caokx pa`acyaivad\àbaaMglaivad\ kox xkxqana pa`stauta hOMx,xijanhaoMnao Sarta\cand` kox baaro maoM kxhIM AiQakx Aalaaocanaatmakx r]Ka Apanaayaa hOx|

kRxYNa kRxpalaanaIx(jaao isaMQaI hOMx,xmagar Anaokx vaYa- baMgaala maoM rho hOMx) kuxC vyaMgya sao ilaKatao hOMx: x"xSarta\cand`àmaQyama vaga- kox jaIvana kox paOnao paarKaI AaOr kxaomala BaavanaaAaoM kox {staad hOMx| {nakxI haid-kx sahanauBaUita hOxsaamaaijakx duiKayaaraoMx(ABaagaaoM) kox pa`itax| "x{darx" vaoSyaaAaoM AaOr x"xmaasaUmax" xinakxmmaaoM kxa sampaUNa-x(AadSa-x) ica~aNa evama\ ihnduAaoM kxI maanaisakxtaa kox pa`ita inaihta sahanauBaUitaà[na saba nao {nhoM ikxSaaoraoM AaOr saBaI Aayau kxI maihlaaAaoM kxa ipa`ya AadSa- banaa idyaax| vaox,xSaayadx,xAaQauinakx Baarta kox pahlao laoKakx qaoxx,xijanhaoMnao Apanao maanaQanaaoM kxI badaOlata kxafÜxI sampai<a Aija-ta kxr laI qaIx"xx⁷² |

duSaana jÜbaaivataola nao [saI baata kxao Saas~aIya pawita saox,xparntau dao TUkx SabdaoM maoM kxha hOx: "xSarta\cand` kxI gaNanaa bauiwjaIvaI laoKakxaoM kox Antaga-ta nahIM kxI jaa sakxtaIx| {nakxI Baavanaatmakxtaa kxaox,xjaao A@sar saMvaodnaSaIlataa kxI saImaa takx Aa jaataI hOx,x{nakox doSavaaisayaaoM kox baIca gahra pa`itasaad imalaax,xmagar {saInao {nhoM BaartaIya saImaaAaoM kox baahr laaokxipa`yataa nahIM dIx| parntau saamaaijakx Anyaaya kox iSakxar hue laaogaaoM kox pa`ita ApanaI saccaI sahanauBaUita sao {nhaoMnao baMgaalaI laoKakxaoM kxI BaavaI paIZÜI kox ilayao ekx maaga- Kaaola idyaax,xijanhaoMnao [nhIM ivaYayaaoM evama\ paa~aaoM kxao kxhIM AiQakx kxlaatmakxtaa sao CuAa hOx" ⁷³ |

kÜxajÜaI Abdula vadUdx(baMgaalaIàmausalamaana) nao 1950 kox dSakx kox AMitama vaYaao-M maoM ilaKaa qaax:xx"xkÜxrIba AaQaI SataabdI gaujÜar ga[-x,xjaba Sarta\cand` nao baMgaalaI paazkxaoM kox idlaaoM kxao jaIta ilayaax,xAaOr Aba hma {nakox baaro maoM kuxC Kaula kxr baata kxr sakxtao hOMx: {nakxI rcanaatmakx kxlpanaa samaRw nahIM qaIx,xAaOr {nakox {_oSya kxafÜxI dUrgaamaI nahIM qaox| kxBaI kxBaI vao Baavaukxtaa maoM DUba jaatao qaox,xjaao vaastaivakxtaa kox ekxdma ivaparIta hOx|magar [na saba gaMBaIr ~auiTyaaoM kox baavajaUd Sarta\cand` kxI laaokxipa`yataa AaOr {nakxa mahtva jÜara BaI kxma nahIM huAa hOàKÜaasa taaOr sao [sailayaox,x@yaaoMikx {nhaoMnao ivaiBaÙa maanavaIya duKaaoM kxao doKaa.....AaOr {nakxa [-maanadarI saox,xdao TUkx vaNa-na ikxyaax|x[saI maoM {nakxa yaqaaqa-vaad hO...magar vao AadSa-vaadI BaI hOMx,xmahana AadSa-vaadIx| Apanao idla kxI gahra[- maoM {nhoM ivaSvaasa hO ikx maanava svaBaava sao saundr evama\ mahana hO AaOr {sakxI saBaI galaitayaa^Mx,xsaBaI paapa AaOr {sakxa AQa:patana koxvala QaUla AaOr gandgaI kox samaana hOx,xjaao baa+ r}pa par hI ilapaTo hOMx: {nhoM ekx pala maoM JaTkxa jaa sakxtaa hOx,AaOr taba manauYya ApanaI maUla gairmaa kxao pa`apta kxr laogaax"x⁷⁴ |

jaIvanaIkxaraoMxx kox Anausaar ⁷⁵ , Sarta\cand` ApanaI

savaao-<amax,xsampaUNa- kRxita maanatao qao {sa {panyaasa kxao ijasakxa SaIYa-kx maUla baaMglaa maoM " gaRhàdahx" hO ⁷⁶ |x 

sana\ 1960 maoM xBaartaIya saaihtyakxar iSavadana isaMh caaOhana nao ma^i@sama gaaokxI- naamakx ivaSva saaihtya saMsqaana maoM Anya baataaoM kox Alaavaa yah BaI kxha ikx :xx"xpa`isaw BaartaIya laoKakx Sarta\cand` caÕaopaaQyaaya kox {panyaasaaoM evama\ kxhainayaaoM maoM...Ta^lsTa^ya kxa pa`Baava dRiYTgaaocar haotaa hOx,xivaSaoYa r}pa sao {nakox {panyaasa "AaÙaa kxaroinanaax" kxa <sup>77</sup> |xpa`isaw BaartaIya kxivax {maaSaMkxr jaaoSaI nao (jaao gaujarataI BaaYaa maoM ilaKatao qaox)xsana\ 1978 maoM , Ta^lsTa^ya sao saMbaMiQata ekx Anya kxa^nf`oxnsa maoMx,x{saI saMsqaana maoM , maanaao iSavadana isaMh caaOhana kox hI ivacaaraoM kxao Aagao baZÜatao hue kxhax:x"....baMgaalaI gaV laoKakx Sarta\cand` caÕaopaaQyaaya nao sana\ 1920 maoM ⁷⁸ {panyaasa "gaRhàdahx" ilaKaax| [sa {panyaasa kxI naaiyakxa paita kxa Gar CaoDÜkxr dUsaro AadmaI kox paasa calaI jaataI hO....maOM [sa baata par jÜaaor donaa caahtaa hU^M ikx BaartaIya samaaja kox ilayaox,xivaSaoYakxr {sa samaya kox BaartaIya samaaja kox ilayaox,xijasakox baaro maoM yah {panyaasa ilaKaa gayaa hOx,xeosaI maanaisakx Avasqaa AaOr eosaa AacarNa ekx Aama caIjÜa nahIM

hO ⁷⁹ |Ta^lsTa^ya kox {panyaasa "AaÙaa kxaroinanaax" AaOr caÕaopaaQyaaya kox gaV kox baIca samaanataaAaoM kxI Aaor [Migata kxrnaa caahUMgaax|mahana r}saI laoKakx kxa pa`Baavax,xinassaMdoh r}pa sao yaha^M idKaa[- dotaa hOx" <sup>80</sup> | maananaIya BaartaIya saaihtyakxaraoM kox [na ivacaaraoM kxao dRiYTgata rKatao hue Ta^lsTa^ya kox "AaÙaa kxaroinanaax" AaOr Sarta\cand` kox "gaRhàdahx" kxI taulanaa kxrnao kxa pa`yatna kxroMgaox|

baMgaalaI {panyaasa kxI GaTnaayaoMx,xsaba baataaoM par najÜar DalaoM taaox,xbaIsavaIM SataabdI kox AarMBa maoM GaiTta haotaI hOMx;xkxBaI kxlakx<aa maoMx,xkxBaI ikxsaI baMgaalaI gaa^Mva maoMx,xkxBaI ibahar maoMx(Baarta kxa ekx Baagax,xbaMgaala kox paDÜaosa maoMx)x| {panyaasa kox lagaBaga saBaI paa~a baMgaalaI hOMx,xAiQakxaMSa yaUraopaIya iSaXaa pa`apta tabakÜo xkox ,xmagar kuxCàkxhIM AiQakx r}iZÜvaadI saamaaijakx vaga- kox BaI hOMx|x{panyaasa maoM ivaiSaYT BaartaIyax(AaOr ivaiSaYT baMgaalaI BaIx) samasyaae^M {tpaÙa haotaI hOM evama\ {na par ivacaar ikxyaa gayaa hOx: r}iZÜvaadI ihnduAaoM AaOr sauQaarvaadI ba`aÓ àsamaajax⁸¹ kxa ekx dUsaro kox pa`ita rvaOyaax,xivaQavaa ivavaah kxa pa`Snax,x[tyaaid ⁸² | magar [sa BaartaIyax(baMgaalaIx) ivaiSaYTtaa kox baavajaUd Sarta\cand` kox {panyaasa kxI x"AaÙaa kxaroinanaax" sao kuxC samaanataayaoM doKaI jaa sakxtaI hOMx|

daonaaoM {panyaasaaoM kox samaanaantar pazna sao [sa ivacaar takx paMhucaa jaa sakxtaa hOx,xikx Sarta\cand`x(ijanhaoMnao , jaOsaa ikx hma jaanatao hOMx,x"AaÙaa kxaroinanaax" kxao dsa sao AiQakx baar paZÜa qaax)x,xTa^lsTa^ya kxI "paazSaalaax" samaapta kxr caukox qao AaOr Apanao {panyaasa maoM {nhaoMnao "AaÙaa kxaroinanaax" kox pa`mauKa AMSaaoM kox saaqax,xTa^lsTa^ya kox gaV kox Anya tatvaaoM kxa {payaaoga kxrtao huex,x{nhoM tatkxalaIna baMgaalaI pairisqaitayaaoMx,xbaMgaalaI saMskRxita evama\ baMgaalaI BaaYaa maoM Zala ilayaa qaax|

daonaaoM {panyaasaaoM kxI taulanaa kxrnao sao paUva- {nakox baIca kuxC pairMmaaNagata ivaiBaÙataaAaoM par najÜar DalaoMx|xTa^lsTa^ya kxa {panyaasax,xvlaadIimar naabaaokxaova kox Anausaarà"xivaSaalax" ("huge")hOx ⁸³ | {sakxa Aakxar lagaBaga 45 laoKakxIya paRYzaoM (ekx laoKakxIya paRYz maoM 40000 icaHna haotao hOM) kxa hOx| "AaÙaa kxaroinanaax" maoM Aaz Baaga hOMx;xpa`qama sao saatavaoM Baaga takx hr Baaga maoM 31à35 takx AQyaaya hOMx,xAazvaoM Baaga maoM 19 AQyaaya hOMx,xAaOr paUro {panyaasa maoM 249 AQyaaya hOMx| "gaRhàdahx" kox r}saI Anauvaad maoM lagaBaga baarh laoKakxIya paRYz hOMx| Ata: Sarta\cand` kxa {panyaasa Ta^lsTa^ya kox {panyaasa kxa lagaBaga ekx caaOqaa[- hOàkuxla cavaalaIsa AQyaaya hOMx(ha^Mlaaikx vao saBaI Ta^lsTa^ya koxx AQyaayaaoM kxI taulanaa maoM baDÜo hOMx)x|

"AaÙaa kxaroinanaax" maoM paa~aaoM kxI Barmaar hOx: {samaoM DoZÜ saaO sao AiQakx paa~a hOM ⁸⁴ | "gaRhàdahx" maoM paa~a 20à30 sao AiQakx nahIM hOMx| magar daonaaoM {panyaasaaoM maoM mauKya paa~aaoM kxao ekx dUsaro kox samaantar rKaa jaa sakxtaa hOx| naabaaokxaova kox Anausaar "AaÙaa kxaroinanaax" maoM "xsaata mauKya jaIvana Qaarae^Mx"x("seven major lives" hOM : taIna maihlaayaoM AaOr caar paur]Yax| maihlaayaoM hOMàAaÙaax,xikxTI Saobaa-tskxayaax (ivavaahaoparanta laoivanaax)xxAaOr {sakxI baDÜI bahna Da^laI (ivavaahaoparanta Aaoblaaonskxayaa)x; paur]Ya hOMàkxaonstaaintana laoivanax(Ta^lsTa^ya kxa ApanaI hI tarh kxa pa`itar}paxx,xAlao@sao[- kxaroinanax(AaÙaa kxa paitax)x, Alao@sao[- va``aonskxI (AaÙaa kxa pa`omaIx) AaOr staopaanax(sTIvaax) AaoblaaonskxI (AaÙaa kxa Baa[- taqaa Da^laI kxa paitax) ⁸⁶ |

[sa pa`kxar "AaÙaa kxaroinanaax" kox paa~a ekx saugaizta samaUh banaatao hOMx,xijasao inamna roKaaica~a Wara pa`diSa-ta ikxyaa jaa sakxtaa hoOx:

 xlaoivana

     s             ikxTI                   Da^laI

va`aonskxI

      s             AaÙaa                   sTIvaa

kxaroinana

            (roKaa ica~a à1)

ê[sa roKaa ica~a maoM         irStaaoM kxaox,x            pa`oma AaOró Aqavaa vaOvaaihkx saMbaMQaaoM kxaox,xAaOr S pa`itaWMiWtaa kxao pa`diSa-ta kxrtao hOMxëx|

"xgaRhàdahx" maoM kxma sao kxma Ch " mauKya jaIvana QaaraAaoMx"  kxax,xChx (dao maihlaayaoM evama\ caar paur]Ya) mauKya paa~aaoM kxa

vaNa-na hOx|maihlaayaoM hOMàsava-pa`qamax,xmauKya naaiyakxa Acalaa <sup>87</sup> AaOr tatpaScaata\ maRNaalaàijasao ekx mahtvapaUNa- saOwaintakx BaUimakxa dI ga[- hOx| paur]Ya paa~a hOMàmaihmax,xjaao Acalaa kxa maMgaotar AaOr tatpaScaata\ paita hOx; sauroSaàAcalaa kxa pa`omaIx;xkoxdar mauKajaI-x(koxdar baabaU)àAcalaa kox ipataax;xramacarNa laaihrIx(rama baabaU)àr]iZÜvaadI ihndUx,xijanakxI BaUimakxa {panyaasa kxI mauKya BaUimakxaAaoM maoM sao ekx hOx| Ch paa~aaoM kox [sa samaUh kxao inamna roKaa ica~a sao pa`diSa-ta ikxyaa jaa sakxtaa hOx:

                        maRNaala

       maihma             ?

          S            Acalaa                koxdar baabaU

       sauroSa             ?

                        ramabaabaU

 

                                (roKaa ica~a 2)

[na roKaa ica~aaoM sao dao inaYkxYa- inakxalao jaa sakxtao hOMx| pahlaax,x"AaÙaa kxaroinanaax" kox mauKya paa~aaoM maoM {nakxI Aayau maoM Antar haonao kox baavajaUd x"xipataaàpau~ax" jaOsaI ivaYamataa nahIM hOx⁸⁸ | "gaRhàdahx" maoM kxma sao kxma dao  ipataa samaana paa~a (father figures)xhOMàkoxdar baabaU taqaa rama baabaUx| dUsarax,x[na roKaa ica~aaoM sao yah BaI spaYT haotaa hO ikx pa`qama roKaa ica~a kox taIna paur]Ya paa~aaoM kox maukÜxabalao maoM dUsaro roKaa ica~a maoM koxvala dao hI paur]Ya paa~a hOMx,xsaaqa hI pa`qama roKaa ica~a kox dao maihlaa paa~aaoM kox maukÜxabalao maoM "gaRhàdahx" maoM isafÜ-x ekx hI pa`mauKa maihlaa paa~a hOx|

{panyaasa kox AarMBa maoM hI hmaaro sammauKa pa`oma i~akxaoNa pa`kxT hao jaataa hOx| ihndU yauvakx maihma ba`aÔàsamaajaIya yauvataI Acalaa <sup>89</sup> sao byaah kxrnao calaa hOx| maihma kxa ima~a sauroSax(janma sao ihndUx,xjaao naaistakx hao gayaa hOx) [sa byaah kxao taaoDÜnaa Apanaa kxta-vya samaJataa hOx,xAcalaa sao paircaya pa`apta kxrtaa hOàAaOr svayaM hI {sasao pyaar kxrnao lagataa hOx|Acalaa kxI sauroSa kox pa`ita BaavanaayaoM {laJaI hu[- AaOr kxafÜxI hd takx ivaraoQaaBaasaI hOMx(paUro kxqaanakx kox daOrana vao vaOsaI hI rhtaI hOMx)x|kuxC samaya kox ilayao vah DgamagaataI hOx,xikx daonaaoM ima~aaoM maoM sao ikxsasao SaadI kxrox,xmagar AaiKÜarkxar byaah vah maihma sao hI kxrtaI hO AaOr {sakox saaqa vah gaa^Mva calaI jaataI hOx|

yah vaNa-na Ta^lsTa^ya kox {panyaasa kox AarMBa maoM vaiNa-ta pa`oma i~akxaoNa kxI yaad idlaataa hOx: ikxTIàva`aonskxIàlaoivanax| Acalaax,xikxTI kxI hI Baa^Mitax,xivavaah yaaogya navayauvataI hOx({panyaasa kox AarMBa maoM ikxTI kxao Azarh vaYa- kxI bataayaa gayaa hOx; Acalaa kox baaro maoM kxha gayaa hOx: "xsa~ahàAzarh saala kxI laDÜkxIx"x) (GD 3 , p.13 ⁹⁰ tau. "gaRhdah"x,xpaR. 13 ⁹¹ )x| sauroSa va`aonskxI kxI yaad idlaataa hOx: naaOjavaanax,xQanaIx,x{dar AaOr taunakximajaajÜax| maihma laoivana kox kxafÜxI inakxT hOx: svayaMkoxind`tax,xkuxC saIQaaàsaada AaOr baoZMgaa saax;xgaa^Mva maoM {sakxa ekx Gar hOx(Ta^lsTa^ya kox laoivana jaOsaa vah baDÜa jÜamaIndar nahIM hOx,xbailkxx,xspaYTta:x,xCaoTI maaoTI jaÜmaIna kxa maailakx hOx)^x92 | magar maihma AaOr Acalaa kox byaah kox baad Sarta\cand` kox vao hI paa~a pa`oma i~akxaoNa banaatao hOMx,xjaao Ta^lsTa^ya kox {panyaasa kox mauKya pa`oma i~akxaoNa kox samaana hOx: AaÙaaàva`aonskxIàkxaroinanax|

jÜaaihr hOx,xsauroSa va`aonskxI kxI BaUimakxa kxao Aagao baZÜa rha hOx| Ta^lsTa^ya kox naayakx kxI hI Baa^Mita vah<sup>x</sup> hzQaima-taa sao naaiyakxa kxa pa`oma pa`apta kxrnao kxI kxaoiSaSa kxrtaa hO AaOr Anta maoMx(ha^Mlaaikx Ta^lsTa^ya kox {panyaasa kox maukÜxabalao maoM kxafÜxI^x Anta kxI Aaorx)x,Acalaa kxao paa laotaa hOx|xxx

"AaÙaa kxaroinanaax" maoM (AK , 1 , 20 ) ⁹³ AaÙaa ikxTI sao kxhtai hOx(va`aonskxI kxI maa^M sao saunaI baataaoM kox AaQaar par)x,xikx va`aonskxI nao x"xbacapana maoMx...ekx s~aI kxao paanaI maoM DUbanao sao bacaayaa qaax"x| Saayad [sao Aagao haonao vaalao ivaraoQaI AacarNa kxa paUvaa-naumaana samaJaa jaa sakxtaa hOx: va`aonskxI AaÙaa kxao bacaataa nahIMx,xAipatau Dubaaotaa hOx| Sarta\cand` kox paa~a samaacaar pa~aaoM sao yah jaanatao hOM ikx sauroSa nao jalatao hue Gar sao ekx baImaar s~aI kxao bacaayaa qaax(GD , 12 , p.65 tau. "gaRhdah" paR. 55)x| [sao BaI BaivaYya maoM haonao vaalao ivaraoQaI AacarNa kxa paUvaa-naumaana samaJaa jaa sakxtaa hOx: Acalaa AaOr maihma kxa Gar jalaogaax,xAaOr sauroSa Acalaa kxao x"xnaYT kxr dogaax"x| Sarta\cand` kox {panyaasa maoM kx[- baar yah BaI yaad idlaayaa jaataa hO ikx sauroSa nao kxBaIx(AaOrx,xhao sakxtaa hOx,xdao baar BaIx) DUbatao hue maihma kxao bacaayaa qaax| lagataa hO ikx Sarta\cand` nao Ta^lsTa^ya Wara ekx baar pa`yaaoga ikxyao gayao ivaYayax(rcanaa pa`NaalaI) kxao laokxr kxma sao kxma dao baar {sakxa pa`yaaoga ikxyaax,xjaOsao {sakxI x"AavaRitayaa^Mx" inakxalaI haoM | AaOrx,xAagao hma doKaoMgaoxikx xivaYayax(rcanaa pa`NaalaIx)kxI AavaRitayaa^M inakxalanao kxI GaTnaa Sarta\cand` kox {panyaasa maoM isafÜ-x ekx hI baar nahIM hu[- hOx|

taao paita sao ivaSvaasaGaata kxrkox Acalaa maanaao AaÙaa kox padicanhaoM par calataI hOx| magarx,xjaOsaa ikx hma Aagao doKaoMgaox,xSarta\cand` ApanaI naaiyakxa kox pa`ita Ta^lsTa^ya kxI ApaoXaa AiQakx sahanauBaUita rKatao hOMx|jaOsaa ikx pahlao kxh caukox hOMx,xAcalaaàmaanaao AaÙaa AaOr ikxTI kxa imalaa jaulaa r}pa hOx|x 

maihma kox cair~a kxao laoivana AaOr kxaroinana kox cair~aaoM kxa saimmaEa`Na kxha jaa sakxtaa hOx| kxaroinana kxI hI Baa^Mita vah kxafÜxI saUKaa saax,x{dasaInax(kxma sao kxmax,xApanao BaavaaoM kxao pa`kxT kxrnao maoM Aita saMyata)xhOx|xxmaihmax,xsabasao pahlaox,

xkxma-inaYzx,xkxta-vyainYz vyai@ta hOx| vah kxanaUna kxI pairXaae^M dotaa hO (GD 11 , p.54 tau. gaRhdahx,xpaR. 46)x|xxpaita kox saaqa gaa^Mva maoM kuxC samaya rhnao kox baadx,xAcalaax(ikxTI sao iBaÙa) ga`amya jaIvana kxao Aatmasaata\ nahIM kxrtaIx,xAaOr taao AaOrx,xvah [sa inaYkxYa- par BaI paMhucataI hO ikx vah paita sao pa`oma nahIM kxrtaIx| {nakxa Gar Aaga maoM jala jaataa hO ⁹⁴ AaOr Acalaa ipataa kox paasa kxlakx<ao calaI jaataI hOxx|

magar maihma maoM laoivana ko  BaI kxafÜxI gauNa rh jaatao hOMx| {sakxa kxaya-x,x{sakxa kxamakxajaàdFÜtar sao nahIM bailkx jÜamaIna sao jauDÜa hOx: "xmaihma paaO fxTtao hI Apanao Kaota doKanao inakxla jaataa AaOr A@sar daopahr baad vaapasa laaOTtaax"x(GD 16 , p.100; tau. gaRhdahx,xpaR. 84x,xikxntau [sa Anauvaad maoM yah vaa@ya nahIM hO ) ⁹⁵ |Anta maoM yah BaI spaYT hao jaataa hO ikx maihma vaastava maoM Acalaa sao pyaar kxrtaa hO ⁹⁶ AaOr Kaud Acalaa kxao BaIx,xsaba AapadaAaoM kox baadx,xivaSvaasa hao jaataa hOx,xmaanaao ikxTI kxI BaUimakxa maoM vaapasa laaOT kxr ikx {sao BaI maihma sao pyaar hOx|

magar pahlaox,xpaita kxao CaoDÜkxr taqaa sauroSa kxI KÜaaitar {sasao ivaSvaasaGaata kxrkoxx(Sarta\cand` kox {panyaasa maoMx,xTa^lsTa^ya kox {panyaasa sao iBaÙax,xGaTnaaAaoM kxa k`xma [saI pa`kxar kxa hOx)x,xAcalaa kxao {sakxI Antaratmaa kxcaaoTnao lagataI hO AaOr vah samaaja sao baihYkRxta hao jaataI hOx| Sarta\cand` ApanaI naaiyakxa kxao maRtyau kxI Aaor taao nahIM Qakoxlataox,xmagar maRtyau kxI Aaor baZÜnao kxa [rada baar baar (ivaYaya kxa AavaRitakxrNa !) {sakox svagata saMBaaYaNaaoM ⁹⁷ maoM pa`kxT haotaa hOx| yah taqya ikx vah sauroSa kox saaqa x"hma ibastar hu[- qaIx" naaiyakxa kxao x"xAatmaGaataIx" pa`taIta haotaa hO (GD 41 , p.271;tau. gaRhdahx,xpaR.215:x"vah sauroSa kxI saoja par jaakxr Aatmahtyaa kxr baOzIx" ) |

jaha^M takx sauroSa kxa savaala hOx,xtaao Acalaa kox saaqa pa`oma kxrnao kox daOrana {sakox mana maoM vaOsao hI ivacaar {ztao hOMx,xjaOsao va`aonskxI kox mana maoM AaÙaa kox pa`ita {ztao hOMx| jaOsao , Ta^lsTa^ya kox {panyaasa maoMx,x{sa AQyaaya maoMx,xjaha^M AaÙaa AaOr va`aonskxI kox pa`qama imalana kxa vaNa-na ikxyaa gayaa hOxx(AK II , 11)x,xhma paZÜtao hOMx: x" {sanao (va`aonskxI naoàsao.sao.) vahI mahsaUsa ikxyaa jaao ekx iSakxarI Apanao Wara maaro gayao iSakxar kox maRta SarIr kxao doKakxr kxrtaa hOx"x| Sarta\cand` kox {panyaasa maoM naayakx naaiyakxa kxao AXarSa: Bagaa kxr lao jaataa hOx,xvah fÜxSa- par igar jaataI hOx,xisasakxtaI hOàAaOrx: x"xjaOsao ekx AnauBavahIna iSakxarI pahlaI baar maar igarayao gayao paMCI kxI paIDÜa AaOr taDÜpa kxao gaÜaOr sao doKataa hOx,x{saI tarh sauroSa nao BaI maugQa haokxr Apanao saamanao paDÜI s~aI kxI Aaor doKaax"x( GD , 28 , p.185) <sup>98</sup>x| baad maoMx,xnaaiyakxa par AiQakxar kxr laonao kox baadx,xva`aonskxI hI kxI tarhx,xsauroSa Apanao saaqa {sakox saMbaMQaaoM sao kxsamasaataa hOx,x[sa pyaar kxao ekx jaaoKaDÜ samaJanao lagataa hOx| AaÙaa kxao Kaaokxr va`aonskxIx,xbadhvaasaI maoMx,xApanao slaavaàBa`ataaAaoM kxI AajaÜadI kxI KaÜaitar yauw maoM calaa jaataa hOx| sauroSax,x{panyaasa kox AarMBa hI maoMx,xAcalaa kxa [nakxar saunakxr ,xfÜOxjaÜabaad Sahr calaa jaataa hOx,xjaha^M plaoga kxI mahamaarI fOxlaI hOx,xAaOr svayama\ kxI parvaah na kxrtao hue marIjaÜaoM kxI saovaa kxrtaa hOx({sanao Da^@TrI kxI iSaXaa pa`apta kxI hOx)x| {panyaasa kox Anta maoMx,xAcalaa kox pa`oma maoM inaraSa haokxrx,xAaOr [sa pa`oma kox baaoJa talaox,xvah dubaarax(ifxr saoàivaYaya kxI paunaravaRi<a!) plaoga sao jaUJanao kox ilayao calaa jaataa hO ⁹⁹ àAaOr [sa baar vah mar jaataa hOx|

magar sauroSa kxI maRtyau x"AaÙaa kxaroinanaax" kxI nahIMx,xAipatau

taugao-naova kox "ipataa AaOr pau~aaoMx"  kxI yaad idlaataI hOx,xbaajaÜaraova kxI maRtyau kxI pairisqaitayaaoM kxIx|xyaha^Mx,xCaoTo sao CaoTo vaNa-na maoM BaI samaanataa hOx|

baajaÜaraova kxI maRtyau kxa vaNa-na AMitama sao paUva- kox AQyaaya maoMx,x"xipataa AaOr pau~ax" kox sa<aa[savaoM AQyaaya maoM hOx,xijasao vlaadIimar naabaaokxaova nao [sa {panyaasa kxa x"xmahanatamax" ("the greatest") AQyaaya kxha hOx ¹⁰⁰ | sauroSa kxI maRtyaU kxa vaNa-na Sarta\cand` kox {panyaasa maoM bayaalaIsavaoMx(Anta sao taIsaro) AQyaaya maoM hOx|

baajaÜaraova Ta[fÜxa[D sao maro ikxsaana kxI caIrfÜxaDÜ kxrtaa hO AaOr {MgalaI maoM hue jaÜKÜma kox kxarNa saMk`ximata hao jaataa hOx|

dma taaoDÜtaa huAa sauroSa Acalaa sao kxhtaa hOx:x"...daopahr kxao mahmaUdpaur sao ek laDÜkxa Aayaax,xrao rha qaaà{sakxI maa^M baImaar qaIx| maOMnao {sakxa Aa^paroSana ikxyaa ¹⁰¹ AaOr KaÜud ivapada maoM fMxsa gayaax|xAama taaOr sao maOM bahuta saavaQaana rhtaa hU^Mx,xmagar {sa idna saa[ikxla kox paihyao sao {MgalaI maoM KaraoMca Aa ga[- qaIx,xAaOr {sao maOMnao taba doKaa jaba haqa Qaao rha qaax| maJaaOlaI maoM vaapasa Aakxr maOMnao vah saba ikxyaa jaao {na halaata maoM mauJao kxrnaa caaihyao qaax,xmagar kuxC laaBa na huAa AaOr Gar maOM jaa na sakxax| rata kxao bauKaÜar Aa gayaa..." (GD , 42 , p.279; tau. gaRhdah, paR.222 )x|

taugao-naova evama\ Sarta\cand`x,xdaonaaoM kox {panyaasaaoM maoM naayakx {sa s~aI kxI {paisqaita maoM martaa hOx,xijasakox saaqa {sakxa pa`oma safxla nahIM haotaax| sauroSa kxao baajaÜaraova kox inakxT laataI hO Da^@TrI kxI iSaXaa AaOr kx[- baar jaÜaor dokxr kxhI ga[- {sakxI naaistakxtaax| sauroSaàApanaI hI tarh kxa BaartaIya x"xinaihilasTx" hOx|

taugao-naova kox {panyaasa sao [tanaI spaYT samaanataa [sa baata kxa pa`maaNa hO ikx Sarta\cand` r}saI saaihtya sao BalaI Baa^Mita pairicata qaox| yah baata "gaRhàdahx"  kxI "AaÙaa kxaroinanaax"  sao taulanaa kxao AaOr AiQakx dRZÜ banaataI hOx|

Ta^lsTa^ya kox {panyaasa maoM va`aonskxI ekx baar Aatmahtyaa kxrnao kxI kxaoiSaSa kxrtaa hOx(AK , IV , 18)x| yahI pa`saMgax, kuxC pairvaita-ta r}pa maoM,xSarta\cand` kox {panyaasa maoM BaI hOx(AQyaaya 29x)x: Acalaa AaOr sauroSax,xpalaayana kox baadx,xekx dUsaro kxao Apamaainata kxrkoxxx,xiDhrI naamakx ekx CaoTo sao gaa^Mva maoM rola sao {tartao hOMx,xpauranaI saraya maoM paMhucatao hOM AaOr rata Alaga Alaga kxmaraoM maoM gaujaÜartao hOMx| saubah Acalaa sauroSa kox kxmaro maoM JaaMkxtaI hO AaOr {sao baohaoSa paataI hOx| {sao pa`taIta haotaa hOx,xmaanaao {sanao Aatmahtyaa kxr laI hOx,xisafÜ-xx kuxC samaya baad hI yah spaYT hao jaataa hO ikx sauroSa koxvala baImaar paDÜ gayaa hOx| Acalaa kxI hI Baa^Mitax({}par doiKayao)x,xyaha^M BaI isafÜ-x kxalpainakx Aatmahtyaa kxa hI maamalaa hOx|

Ta^lsTa^ya kox {panyaasa maoMx(AK , IV , 17) baImaarx(lagaBaga marNaasaÙa) AaÙaa kxI SaOyyaa kox paasa kxaroinanax,xAaÙaa AaOr va`aonskxI ekx dUsaro kxao Xamaa kxrtao hOM AaOr samaJaaOtaa kxr laotao hOMx| Sarta\cand` kox {panyaasa maoM [sa tarh kox pa`saMga kxI kxma sao kxma taIna baar paunaravaRi<a hu[- hOx| maihma kxao gaa^Mva maoM CaoDÜkxr Aanao kox paScaata\ Acalaa kox mana maoM {sakox pa`ita ifxr sao taba pa`oma jaagaRta haotaa hOx,xjaba vah kxlakx<aa maoM sauroSa kox Gar maoM baImaar haokxr paDÜa hOx(AaOr sauroSax,xmaanaao x"paairvaairkx ima~ax" vaalaI ApanaI BaUimakxa sao samaJaaOtaa kxr laotaa hOx)x| baad maoM sauroSa Wara Bagaa[- ga[- AaOr {sa par k`xaoiQata Acalaa {sakoxx,xr]gNa koxx,xsaaqa iDhrI maoM zhrnao par majabaUr hao jaataI hOàAaOr {sakxa pa`oma svaIkxarnao par BaIx|xAnta maoM jaba sauroSa plaoga paIiDÜta gaa^Mva maoM maRtyau SaOyyaa par paDÜa hOx,xtaao vah AaOr Acalaa ekx dUsaro kxao Xamaa kxrtao hOM ,xtaba yaha^M Acalaa AaOr maihma kox baIca BaivaYya maoM samaJaaOtaa haonao kox Aasaar najaÜr Aatao hOMx| idlacaspa baata yah hO ikx Sarta\cand` kox {panyaasa maoM baImaar paDÜtao AaOr martao hOM koxvala paur]Yax,xis~ayaa^M nahIMx|

daonaaoM {panyaasaaoM maoM rolagaaiDÜyaaoM AaOr rolvao sToSanaaoM kox pa`saMgaaoM kxI taulanaa kxrnaa BaI baDÜa raocakx hOx| bahuta pahlao hI yah spaYT ikxyaa gayaa hO ikx "AaÙaa kxaroinanaax"  maoM yah ekx Aita mahtvapaUNa- evama\ saaMkoxitakx pa`saMga hO ¹⁰² | AaÙaa AaOr va`aonskxI pahlaI baar rolagaaDÜI kox paasax,xmaa^skxao sToSana par imalatao hOMx(AK , I , 18)x| {panyaasa kox Anta maoM AaÙaa rolagaaDÜI kox paihyaaoM kox naIcao rolvao sToSana kox paasa martaI hO , AaOr va`aonskxI BaI vaaMiCta maRtyau kxI Kaaoja maoM rolagaaDÜI maoM hI jaataa hOx| rola maaga- par hIx,xrolagaaDÜI kox iDbbao kox paasax,xbafÜxI-lao taUfÜxana kxI paRYzBauima maoMx,xlaalaTona kxI iTmaiTmaataI raoSanaI maoM va`aonskxI AaÙaa sao Apanao idla kxI baata kxhtaa hOx(AK , I , 30)x|

Sarta\cand` kox {panyaasa kxa ekx carma ibandu hOàsauroSa Wara Acalaa kxao maugaÜlasaraya rolvao sToSana par Agavaa kxrnaax(AQyaaya sa<aa[-sa)x| yah dRSya maUsalaaQaar baairSax,xtaojaÜ hvaaAaoM AaOr rata kox AMQaoro kxI paRYzBaUima maoM GaiTta haotaa hOx| {panyaasa kxa AMitama dRSya BaI rolvao sToSana par hI idKaayaa gayaa hOx,xrola kox iDbbao kox inakxTx(magar jaÜaihr hOx,xSaaMta maaOsama maoMx)x: [saI dRSya maoM Acalaa kox Baagya kxa inaNa-ya haotaa hOx(ha^Mlaaikx yah spaYT nahIM hO ikx inaNa-ya @yaa hOx) ¹⁰³ |

Sarta\cand` kox {panyaasa kox paa~aaoM kxI Ea`RMKalaa maoM ekx AaOr paa~a kxI samaanataa "AaÙaa kxaroinanaax"  kox ekx paa~a sao idKaa[- dotaI hOx| yah hO maRNaalax,xbaMgaala kox ekx gaa^Mva kxI yauvaa s~aIx,xijasakxI pand`h vaYa- kxI Aayau maoM ekx AQaoDÜx(BaartaIya maanyataaAaoM kox Anausaarx) vyai@ta kox saaqa SaadI kxr dI jaataI hO AaOr kxqaanakx kox daOrana vah ivaQavaa hao jaataI hOx| maRNaala BaartaIya naarI kox AadSa- kxao pa`stauta kxrtaI hOx,xpaita kxao samaipa-tax,xcaaho {sasao pa`oma na haox,x{sakxI maRtyau kox {paranta BaIx: baIsa sao kuxC hI AiQakx vaYa- kxI Aayau maoM ivaQavaa hao jaanao kox baad BaI maRNaala dUsaro ivavaah kxI baata saaocanao takx sao [nakxar kxrtaI hOx|spaYT hO ikx maRNaala Ta^lsTa^ya kxI Da^laI Aaoblaaonskxayaa kxI yaad idlaataI hOx,xjaao paairvaairkx kxta-vya kox pa`ita samaipa-ta hOx,xjaao {sao kxao[- BaI sauKa nahIM dotaa ¹⁰⁴ |

r}saI AaOr baMgaalaI {panyaasaaoM maoM ekx AaOr ivaYaya maoM samaanataa doKaI jaataI hOx| Acalaa kox ipataax,xkoxdar baabaUx,xpaairvaairkx duKaaoM sao ga`sta haokxrx,xmaRNaala kox paasax,xgaa^Mva maoM Aatao hOMx| vaox,xSahr maoM rhnao vaalaox,xyaUraopaIya ZMga sao iSaXaa pa`apta vyai@ta hOMx(jaao gaa^Mva maoM BaI emasa-na (R.W.Emerson) kxI paustakx paZÜtao hOM)x,xAaOr pahlaI baar ikxsaanaaoM kox jaIvana sao pairicata haotao hOMx|

" vao AaOr {nakox paurKao kxlakx<ao maoM rhtao qaox| gaa^Mva kox Anaiganata irStaodaraoM sao saMbaMQa kx[- paIiZÜyaa^M hue TUT caukxa qaax,xAaOr koxdar baabaU taqaa {nakox pairvaar kox dUsaro paMqa ¹⁰⁵ kxao ga`hNa kxr laonao kox baad taao vah ekxdma hI TUT gayaax| [sailayaox,xAaScaya- kxI baata nahIM hO ikx {nakxIx,xAiQakxaMSa SahiryaaoM kxI Baa^Mitax,xikxsaanaaoM kox baaro maoM QauMQalaI saI kxlpanaa qaIx| [na laaogaaoM kxaox,xjaao hmaoSaa Alaga qalagax,xekxanta maoM rhtao qaox,xvao yaUM doKataox,xjaOsao vao jaanavar haoM AaOrx,xbaoSakÜxx,x{nhoM saBya samaaja kox yaaogya nahIM paatao qaox| magar...badnasaIbaI {nhoM AnapaZÜx,xgaÜrIbax,xgaMvaaraoM kox paasa KaIMca laa[-x,xAaOr hr idna {nakox pa`ita {nakxa pa`oma AaOr Aadr baZÜtaa jaataax,xsaaqa hI Apanao samaajax,x{sakox ivacaaraoMx,xQama-x,xsaMskRxita AaOr kxanaUnaaoM kox pa`ita GaRNaa evama\ itarskxar kxI Baavanaa baZÜtaI jaataIx| gaa^Mva kox laaoga caaho AnapaZÜ @yaaoM na haoMx,xmagar {nakox idlaaoM maoM SataaibdyaaoM kxI saMskRxita AaOr  naOitakxtaa kox baaro maoM spaYT ivacaar sauriXata hOMx| vao Anya paMqaaoM kox Anauyaa[yaaoM sao GaRNaa nahIM kxrtaox,x@yaaoM ikx ekx iSaiXata vyai@ta kxI hI Baa^Mita vao jaanatao qao ikx saMsaar kox saBaI Qamaao-M kxa maUla ekx hO AaOr ekx hI

[-Svar maoM ivaSvaasa ikxyaa jaa sakxtaa hO Anya taOMtaIsa kxraoDÜ kxao AsvaIkxar na kxrtao huex,xikx ihnduAaoM kxa [-Svar AaOr mausalamaanaaoM kxa Allaahàekx hI hOx|

AaOr koxdar baabaU nao kx[- baar svayama\ sao paUCax: "xvao hmasao ikxsa baata maoM kxma hOMx? @yaa maOMx,x{dahrNa kox ilayaox,xAiQakx &aanaI hU^Mx? {nasao ivacaar ivainamaya kxrnaa hmanao @yaaoM band ikxyaax? ekx dUsaro kox ilayao parayao @yaaoM hao gayaox?x" yahI saba saaocakxr koxdar baabaU kxao gahna lajjaa kxa AnauBava huAax" ( GD , 38 , pp.242-243 ; tau. gaRhdahx,xpaRR 194)| x

koxdar baabaU kox takxao-M maoM laoivana kox AaOr svayama\ Ta^lsTa^ya kox kuxC ivacaaraoM kxI samaanataa spaYTta: doKaI jaa sakxtaI hOx(ha^Mlaaikx @yaa yah Ta^lsTa^ya kxa hI x"xpa`Baavax" qaax?àyah ekx Alaga pa`Sna hOx)x|

"xAaÙaa kxaroinanaax" AaOr "gaRhàdahx" kox baIca kxI {payau-@ta samaanaantartaayaoM evama\ samaanataayaoMx,xmaorI dRiYT saox,x[sa maanyataa kxao saMBava banaataI hOM ikx Sarta\cand` nao na koxvala Ta^lsTa^ya kox {panyaasa kxao Qyaana sao paZÜax,xAipatau Apanao {panyaasa kxao ilaKatao samaya {sakxa rcanaatmakx ZMga sao {payaaoga ikxyaax|  ivaSvaasa kxrnao kox payaa-pta kxarNa hOM ikx [na daonaaoM rcanaaAaoM kxI BaaYaa evama\ SaOlaI kxa AiQakx ivastaRta ivaSlaoYaNa [sa Anaumaana kxI pauiYT kxrtaax ¹⁰⁶ |

yaid yah maanyataa sahI hOx,xtaao Sarta\cand` Akoxlao hI eosao laoKakx nahIM hOM ijanhoM "AaÙaa kxaroinanaax" nao xApanao {panyaasa kxa saRjana kxrnao kox ilayao pa`oirta ikxyaa hOxx,xTa^lsTa^ya kxI ivaYayavastau evama\ kxqaanakx kxa {payaaoga kxrkoxx| AiQakx pa`isaw {dahrNa hOàAMga`ojÜaI laoKakx DoivaD hba-T- laa^ronsa (1885à1930) kxax| DI. eca. laa^ronsa kox baaro maoM AalaaocanaaAaoM maoM [sa baata kxI pauiYT kxI ga[- hO ikx {sakox pa`mauKa {panyaasaà"AaÙaa kxaroinanaax"  kxa ekx dIGa- saMSaaoQana hOM ("one long corrective to 'Anna Karenina') ¹⁰⁷ | Apanao {panyaasaaoM maoMx(jaOsao ikx Apanao jaIvana maoM BaIx) DI. eca. laa^ronsa maanaao Ta^lsTa^ya kxI rcanaa kox pauna-laoKana kxI Aaor baZÜo  yaa, {nako xApanao SabdaoM maoM ,x "xkxqaa kxao {sa kxlaakxar sao bacaanao kxI kxaoiSaSa kxrtao rho ijasanao {nakxI rcanaa kxI

qaIx" ¹⁰⁸ |xhao sakxtaa hO ikx Sarta\cand` BaI Apanao hI tarIkÜox sao vahI kxrnao kxI kxaoiSaSa kxrtao rhox,x"xkxqaa kxao {sakox rcanaakxar sao bacaanao kxIx"x,x{sao baIsavaIM SataabdI kox AarMBa kox baMgaala kxI ivaiSaYT pairisqaitayaaoM maoM Zala kxrx|

{}par hmanao mauKyata: "xAaÙaa kxaroinanaax"  AaOr "gaRhàdahx" kox baIca kxI samaanataayaoM doKaIMx| Aba daonaaoM {panyaasaaoM kox baIca kxI kuxC AaOr AsamaanataaAaoM par dRiYT DalaoMgaox| [na AsamaanataaAaoM maoMx,xkxh sakxtao hOM ikxx,xna koxvala Sarta\cand`x,x{panyaasakxarx,xkox vyai@tagata gauNa evama\ r]Jaana pa`kxT haotao hOMx,xbailkxàkxma sao kxma AMSata:àbaIsavaIM SataabdI kox AarMBa kxIx BaartaIyax(baMgaalaIx) saMskRxita kxI Aama ivaSaoYataaAaoM kox dSa-na haotao hOMx|

Ta^lsTa^ya sao iBaÙax,xSarta\cand` maRtyau kox mauKa maoM paur]Ya kxao Baojatao hOMx,xna ikx s~aI kxaox| AaOr yahx,xinassaMdoh, kxqaanakx kxao Alaga maaoDÜ donao kox ilayao  ekx saaocaa samaJaa AaOr laoKakx kox ilayao ivaiSaYT ivakxlpa qaax| paita sao takÜxrar kxrtao samaya Acalaax,xjaOsaa ikx Aaja kxhtaox,xmaihlaa AandaolanavaadI isawanta paoSa kxrtaI hOx:xx"....maOMnao kxafÜxI saaocaa AaOr yah samaJaax,xikx sajaÜa hr halata maoM paur]Ya kxao hI imalanaI caaihyaox,xkxma sao kxma isafÜ-x [saIilayao ikx vah paur]Ya hOx"(GD,18 , p.110; tau. gaRhdah,paR.92) ¹⁰⁹ |

maihma [sa isawanta sao sahmata nahIM haotaax,xmagarx,xjaÜaihr hOx,xSarta\cand` sahmata hOMx| [tanaa hI nahIM , vah Apanao kxqaanakx kxa inamaa-Na [sa pa`kxar sao kxrtao hOM ikx paita sao ivaSvaasaGaata kxI ijÜammaodarI AaÙaa kxaroinanaa kxI ApaoXaa Acalaa par kxma pa`taIta haox| sauroSa caalaakxI saox(yah BaI kxh sakxtao hOM ikx QaaoKao sao) rola yaa~aa kox daOrana Acalaa kxa ApahrNa kxrtaa hOx,xha^Mlaaikx Acalaa Anacaaho hI {sakox kxaya-kxlaapaaoM kxao {kxsaataI hO ¹¹⁰ |

magar [sakox baad BaI Acalaa sauroSa kxI pa`oimakxa nahIM banataIx| {sakxa AMitama patana BaI saOMtaIsavaoMx(cavaalaIsa maoM sao) AQyaaya kox Anta maoM haotaa hOx| pahlao taao Acalaa sauroSa kox saaqa iDhrI maoM [sailayao rhtaI hO ikx vah baImaar hO AaOr {sao {sakxI sahayataa kxI AavaSyakxtaa hOx,xAaOr [sailayao BaIx,xikx jaOsaa ikx vah saaocataI hOx,x{sakxa , paita kxao CaoDÜkxr BaagaI hu[- kxlaMikxnaI kxax,xAnya kxao[- zaOr izkxanaa nahIM hOx| {sakox AacarNa kox paICo kxa kxarNax,xjaÜaihr hOx,xinaMdnaIya nahIM hOx|

AarMBa maoM taao Acalaa AaOr sauroSa iDhrI maoM r}iZÜvaadI baMgaalaIàihndU ramacarNax(yaa rama baabaU) kox Gar maoM r]kxtao hOMx| vah samaJatao hOM ikx vao paitaàpatnaI hOMx,xijanakxa ivavaah parMparanausaar huAa hOx| BagaaoDÜaoM maoM vaRw kxao satya baata batalaanao kxa saahsa nahIM hOx| kuxC samaya baad sauroSa ekx makxana KarIdtaa hO AaOr Acalaa kox saaqa vaha^M basa jaataa hOx| pahlao hI idna ramabaabaU {nakox paasa Aatao hOM AaOr dor takx baOzo rhtao hOMx,x@yaaoMikx vao Acalaa kox saaqa ivaiBaÙa Qaaima-kx AaOr saamaaijakx samasyaaAaoM par bahsa kxr rho qaox| vaRw kxao rata kxao zhrnao kox ilayao kxhnaa hI paDÜtaa hOàAaOr taba AataI hO parIXaa kxI GaDÜIx| Acalaa nahIM caahtaI ikx ramabaabaU samaJa jaayaoMx(yaa {nhoM Sakx hI hao jaayao)x,xikx vah AaOr sauroSa paitaàpatnaI nahIM hOMx,xàAaOr [sailayao vah sauroSa kox SayanakxXa maoM jaataI hOx| [sa tarh vahx,xAaiKÜarkxar , sauroSa kxI pa`oimakxa bana jaataI hOx| laoKakx kxI iTppaNaI hOxx: "xjaIvana kox [sa carma XaNa maoM AiBamaana AaOr maaoh hI icarjayaI banaax"x(GD , 37 , p.240 ; tau. gaRhdah,paR.191) |

AaQauinakx r}saI paazkx kxI dRiYT maoM Acalaa kox x"xpatanax" kxa kxarNa baDÜa ivaica~ax(maasaUma na kxhnaa hao taaox) hO ¹¹¹ | magarx,xhao sakxtaa hOx,xbaMgaalaI paazkxaoM kxao sana\ 1919à1920 maoM kxao[- kxarNax(AiQakx "Ta^lsTa[-x") svaIkxaya- na haotaa AaOr x"paitataax" naaiyakxa kxao {nakxI sahanauBaUita sao vaMicata kxr dotaax|

Ta^lsTa^ya sao iBaÙax,xSarta\cand` Apanao paa~aaoM kxao x"xpaapax" maoM AiQakx samaya takx jaInao nahIM dotaox(yaax,xjaOsaa DI.eca. laa^ronsa kxhtaox,x "xApanaI hvasa kox AiBamaana maoMx" <sup>112</sup> ) AaOr na hI [sasaox,xkxma sao kxma qaaoDÜa bahuta saMtaaoYa pa`apta kxrnao dotao hOMx| Acalaa kxa paapa kox gata- maoM igarnaax,xjaOsaa ikx pahlao kxh caukox hOMx,xsaOMtaIsavaoM AQyaaya kox Anta maoM idKaayaa gayaa hOx| Aagao kox AQyaayaaoM maoM Anya paa~aaoM kox baaro maoM vaNa-na ikxyaa gayaa hOx,xAaOr jaba cavaalaIsavaoM AQyaaya kox maQya maoMx({panyaasa kox samaya kox lagaBaga ekx mahInao baadx) kxqaanakx ifÜxr Acalaa AaOr sauroSa kxI AaOr laaOTtaa hOx,xtaao sauroSa [sa pa`oma saMbaMQa kox baaoJa talao ga`sta hOx(Acalaa kxI BaavanaayaoM hmaoSaa kxI Baa^Mita Da^MvaaDaola hOMx)àAaOr [kxtaalaIsavaoM AQyaaya maoM vah plaoga saMk`ximata gaa^Mva kxao calaa jaataa hOx,xmaRtyau kxa AailaMgana kxrnaox|

"xAaÙaa kxaroinanaax"  kxI saUi@tax maoM baa[bala kxI yah paMi@tayaa^M ilaKaI ga[- hOMx: " palaTa laonaa maora hI kxama hOx,xpa`Bau kxhtaa hO maOM hI badlaa laUMgaax" <sup>113</sup> | yao paMi@tayaa^M AaOr samaUcaa {panyaasa ivaiBaÙa takxao-M kxao janma dotao rho hOM <sup>114</sup> | magar kxma sao kxma ekx saMBaaivata tak-x taao yah hO ikxx,xTa^lsTa^ya kox ivacaar sao manauYya AaOr {sakox kxayaao-M kxa inaNa-ya kxrnaax(pa`itaSaaoQa laonaa AaOróAqavaa {nakox kxayaa-nausaar {nhoM badlao maoM donaax)koxvala savaao-cca nyaayaaQaISax([-Svarx) kox AaQaIna hO ¹¹⁵ |

jabaikx Sarta\cand` [sa baata par jaÜaor dotao hOMx,xikx inaNa-ya kxrnaa AaOr ekx dUsaro kxao Xamaa kxrnaa laaogaaoM kxa AiQakxar hOx| {panyaasa maoM [sakxI sabasao pa`mauKa pa`va@taa hO maRNaalaàBaartaIya naarI kxa AadSa- <sup>116</sup> | yah kxhnaa kxizna hO ikx yah mata ikxtanaa ikxnhIM saaMskRxitakx parMparaAaoM sao  pa`Baaivata hO ,xAaOr ikxtanaa Sarta\cand` kxI ApanaI ivacaarQaara saox| kxarNa caaho kuxC BaI haox,x@yaa yaha^M BaI Ta^lsTa^ya sao ekx tarh kxa ivavaad nahIM hO ¹¹⁷ ?

 

 

iTppaiNayaa^M

 

1.[sa laoKa kox BaI kx[- Avataar hao caukox xhOMx: sana\ 1988 sao laokxr [sa ivaYaya par maoro Anaokx laoKa pa`kxaiSata hao caukox hOMx AaOr kx[- AalaoKa pa`stauta BaI hao cauko xhOMx| ifÜxr BaI ivaYaya samaapta nahIM huAa hOx,xAaOr {sa par Aagao BaI saMSaaoQana ikxyaa jaayaogaax| ijasa r}saI maUla kxa yah ihndI Anauvaad ikxyaa gayaa hO vah Alao@sao[- saogao-yaoivaca sauKaaocaaova (1928 ─ 2000) kox smaRitaga`nqa kox ilayao ilaKaa gayaa qaa evama\ sana\ 2002 maoM pa`kxaiSata huAa |

2. Сухочёв А.С. Индийский роман. Изученность и перспективы изучения // Проблемы индийского романа. Москва, 1974. (sauKaaocaaova A.sao. BaartaIya {panyaasa. AQyayana kxI isqaita AaOr pairpa`oXya // BaartaIya {panyaasa kxI samasyaae^M. maa^skxao, 1974).

3.do. sauKaaocaaova A.sao. {}par inaid-YT laoKa | taqaa: Сухочёв А.С. Развитие прозы на урду до второй половины XIX в. // Современная индийская проза. Сборник статей. Москва, 1962 (sauKaaocaaova A.sao. 19vaIM SataabdI kox {<araQa- takx {dU- gaV kxa ivakxasa //  vata-maana BaartaIya gaV. laoKaàsaMga`h . maa^skxao, 1962); Сухочёв А.С. От дастана к роману. Из истории художественной прозы урду XIX века. Москва, 1971 (sauKaaocaaova A.sao. dastaana sao {panyaasa takx. {dU- kox 19vaIM SataabdI kox lailata gaV ko  [itahasa kox baaro maoM. maa^skxao, 1971)

4.do. (ivaSaoYata:)x: Сухочёв А.С. Пьеса Карела Чапека «Р.У.Р.» и роман Кришана Чандара «Город машин» // Литературы Индии. Москва, 1979 (kxarola caapaokx kox naaTkx "R.U.R." kRxSana candr kxa {panyaasa " maSaInaaoM kxa Sahrx"óóBaarta kox [itahasa. maa^skxao, 1979;

Сухочёв А.С. Кришан Чандар. Москва, 1983, с. 186 – 189 (sauKaaocaaova A.sao. kRxSana candr. maa^skxao, 1983, paR. 186–  189).

5. pa`stauta laoKa maoro Anya dao laoKaaoM ko xsaaqa imalakxr ek x"xiT/paiTkxx"x(kxlaakRxitaà~ayaI) banaataa hOx jaao r}saI {panyaasaaoM kox x"xsvar}pa kox Anausaar evama\ {nakox samaanax"  rcao gayao dao Anya BaartaIya {panyaasaaoM kxao samaipa-ta hOMx| pahlao laoKa maoM rivand`naaqa TOgaaor kox "Garo baaihrox" kxI cacaa- kxI ga[- hOx,xjaao FÜyaaodaor daostaaoyaovskxI kox "SaOtaanax"  kox namaUnao par AaQaairta hOx(do. [sa paustakx maoM : "xFÜyaaodaor daostaaoyaovskxI AaOr rivand`naaqa TOgaaorx: ApanaI saMskRxitayaaoM kxI Kaaoja maoM rta kxlaakxarx")x|xxdUsaro laoKa maoM AaQauinakx BaartaIya laoKakx ivak`xma saoz kox paVatmakx {panyaasa "id gaaolDna gaoTx" par cacaa- kxI ga[- hOx| {panyaasa maoM hI laoKakx kxhtaa hO ikx yah rcanaa Alao@saand` pauiSkxna kox "yaovgaonaI Aaonaoiganax" kox namaUnao par ilaKaI ga[- hOx(do. [sa paustakx maoM : " ivak`xma saoz kxa 'id gaaolDna gaoTxx' evama\ Alao@saand` paUiSkxna kxa ' yaovgaonaI Aaonaoiganax')|

6. KÜaud Sabd «литературоведение» (=x"xsaaihtya Saas~ax"x,xina:saMdoh jama-na Sabd Literaturwissenschaft kxa Anauvaadx) hmaaro yaha^M baIsavaIM sadI kox dUsaro dSakx kox Anta maoM hIo Aistatva maoM Aayaax|x[sa Sabd Wara pa`diSa-ta vaO&aainakx taqaa SaOXaiNakx Saas~a ekxàsaar nahIM qaa AaOr vah Anaokx baataaoM kxao Bartaa AaOr iCpaataa qaax(kxBaI kxBaI sarkxarI x"isawaMtaaoMx"  kxI caaOkxsa najÜar sao bacaataa BaI qaa)x,xijanhoM ABaI BaI Apanao [itahasa&aaoM kxa [MtajÜaar hOx|

7. {da. do. The Novel in Modern India / Ed. by I. Bakhtiyar. Bombay , 1964; The Novel in India. Its Birth and Developement / Ed. by T.W.Clark. London,1970 AaOr [sa paustakx maoM pahlaa laoKa.

Anya x"saaMskRxitakx x{tpaadaoMoMx" maoM paustakx maud`Nax,xrolagaaDÜIx,pa`yaaogaatmakxxxiva&aanax,xivaSvaivaValayax,x

saMsadIyaxlaaokxtan~ax [tyaaid kxa ijÜak`x ikxyaa jaa sakxtaa hOx| r}saI ivaWana paa. A. ga`Intsaor kox SaaoQakxayaao-M maoM BaartaIya {panyaasa kox [itahasa kox baaro maoM ekx iBaÙa raya hOxx(BaartaIya parMparaAaoM par jÜaaor idyaa gayaa hOx) | {da. do. Гринцер П.А. Две эпохи романа Генезис романа в литературах Азии и Африки // Национальные истоки жанра. Москва, 1980 ({panyaasa kox dao kxalaKaNDÜ, eiSayaa evama\ Af`xIkxa kox saaihtyaaoM maoM {panyaasa kxI {tpai<aóóivaQaa kox raYT/Iya s~aaota. maa^skxaox,x1980 ;

Гринцер П.А. «Кадамбари» Баны и поэтика санскритского романа // Бана. Кадамбари / Издание подготовил П.А. Гринцер. Москва. 1995 ( baaNa kxI kxadMbarI evama\ saMskRxta {panyaasa kxa kxavyaSaas~aóóbaaNa. kxadmbarIó[sa AavaRita kxao taOyaar ikxyaa qaa paa.A. ga`Intsaor naox,xmaa^skxaox,x1995).

8. do.x [sa paustakx maoM pahlao laoKaxmaoM [sa ivaYaya par iTppaNaI|

9.do. [sa paustakx maoM pahlao laoKa maoM [sa ivaYaya parx|

10. do. {da. Brewster D. East-West passage. A study in literary relationship. London,1954.

11. "Толстой, ты доказал с терпением и талантом,

         Что женщине не следует "гулять"

         Ни с камер-юнкером, ни с флигель-адьютантом,

         Когда она жена и мать".

      (x"xTa^lsTa^yax,x

          idKaa idyaa taUnao saba` AaOr kuxSalataa saox,

          ikx nahIM caaihyao AaOrta kxao x"xGaUmanaax"

          saMga ikxsaI k^xDoTàAfÜxsar yaa eDÜjauTonT kox

          Agar vah hO patnaI AaOr maa^Mx"x|

                                (Nekrasov , 1982 , p.172).

12. do. {da.x: Чуковская Л. Записки об Анне Ахматовой. 1938 – 1941. Т. 1. Москва, 1997, с. 25, 142 – 143 (caukxaovskxayaa laI.  AaÙaa AKÜmaataaovaa kox baaro maoM naaoT\sa. maa^skxao, 1997, paR. 25, 142 –  143).

13. sana\ 1877 kxI x"xlaoKakx xkxI DayarIx" kox ekx AMSa kxa SaIYa-kx yahI hOx:xx"x'AaÙaa kxaroinanaax' ekx ivaSaoYa mahtvapaUNa- taqyax"(Достоевский Ф.М. Дневник писателя за 1977 год. Январь – Август // Достоевский Ф.М. Полное собрание сочинений в тридцати томах. Т. 25. Ленинград, 1983, с. 198 – 202 daostaaoyaovskxI Fyaao. ima. 'laoKakx kxI DayarIàsana\ 1977, janavarIàAgastaóódaostaaoyaovskxI Fyaao. ima. sampaUNa- rcanaa saMga`hà30 KaNDÜaoM maoM. KaNDÜ 25. laoinanaga`ad, 1983x,xpaR.198à202).xAaQaI SataabdI paScaata\ qaa^masa maana nao ilaKaa ikx x"xx'AaÙaa kxaroinanaax' kox Ad\Bauta gahna ivaSlaoYaNa kxa Ea`oya daostaaoyaovskxI kxao jaataa hOx,xekx saUXmax,xsnaohBarI maImaaMsaa jaao (gyaaotao kox)x x"xivalholma maOstaorx"  kox baaro maoM iSalaor kxI Baavaukxxà{<aojanaapaUNa- iTppaNaI kxI yaad idlaataI hOx"x(Манн Т. Толстой (К столетию со дня рождения) (1928) Т. Манн. Собрание сочинений в десяти томах. Т. 9. Москва, 1960, с. 623).(Mann T. Tolstoy (K stoletiyu so dnya rozhdeniya) (1928) //  Mann T. Sobr. soch. v desyati tomakh. Tom devyatyi. M.1960.

14. daostaaoyaovskxI FÜyaao. ima. {}par inaid-YT laoKax,xpaR.199à200.

15. (Манн Т. Толстой (К столетию со дня рождения) (1928) Т. Манн. Собрание сочинений в десяти томах. Т. 9. Москва, 1960, с. 623).(Mann T. Tolstoy (K stoletiyu so dnya rozhdeniya) (1928) //  Mann T. Sobr. soch. v desyati tomakh. Tom devyatyi. M.1960.

16. do. Nabokov V. Lectures on Russian Literature. London,1983, p. 138, 146.

17.do. {da.  Фридлендер Г.М. Достоевский и Лев Толстой (Статья вторая) // Достоевский. Материалы и исследования. Т.3. Ленинград, 1978, с. 89 (if`xDlaONDÜr  daostaaoyaovskxI AaOr laova Ta^lsTa^yax(laoKa k`x.2)óódaostaaoyaovskxI. saamaga`I evama\ SaaoQakxaya-. KaNDÜ 3. laoinanaga`adx,x1978x,xpaR.89. )x|

18. naabaaokxaova vlaa. {}par inaid-YT laoKa, paR. 146.

19. yaha^M AaOr Aagao [sa laoKa maoM  "AaÙaa kxaroinanaax" sao ilayao gayao {wrNaaoM kox saaqa {panyaasa kox KaMD evama\ AQyaaya kxao dSaa-yaa gayaa hOx| laoivana kox tak-x kox saMdBa- maoM ilayao gayao {wrNa kxa Aqa- AiQakx saMkuxicata hOx| laoivana gaa^Mva kox Aaiqa-kx vyavahar kox baaro maoM saaocataa hO AaOr yah vaa@ya kxhtaa hOx:xx"x....hmaaro yaha^M Abax,xjaba yah saba (Aqaa-ta\ gaa^Mva kxa saamaaijakxàAaiqa-kx inamaa-Naàsao.sao.) {laT paulaT hao caukxa hO AaOr {sao samaoTa jaa rha hOx"x(III , 26)|xmagar hmax,xlaoinana kox Anausaarx,x[sa kxqana kxa vyaapakx xAqa- BaI inakxala sakxtao hOMàxmaanaao yah kxqana  Alao@saand` II kox sauQaaraoM kox paScaata\ samaUcaI r}saI vyavasqaa kox ilayao laagaU haotaa hOx|

20. do. {da. Sen S. History of Bengali Literature. New Delhi (Sahitya Akademi) , 1960; Zbavitel D. Bengali Literature (A History of Indian Literature / Ed. by Jan Gonda. Vol.IX. Fasc.3). Wiesbaden, 1976.

21. {ÙaIsavaIM SataabdI takx AiQakxaMSa Anya na[- BaartaIya BaaYaaAaoM kxI hI Baa^Mita baMgaalaI maoM BaI gaV kxa Aistatva lagaBaga nahIM qaax|

22. do. [sa paustakx maoM pahlaa laoKax|

23. baMgaalaI pairisqaita kxI ekx AaOr ivaSaoYataa hOx(ijasakxI samaanataa diXaNa eiSayaa kox kuxC Anya BaagaaoM maoM BaI paa[- jaataI hO) Aqaa-ta\àsamaaja kxa dao Qaaima-kx GaTkxaoMàihndU AaOr mausalamaanaàmaoM  ivaBaajana | {ÙaIsavaIM SataabdI kxa yaUraopaIkRxta 'eilaTx' vaga- mauKyata: baMgaalaIàihnduAaoM sao banaa qaax| mausalamaanax,xijanasao AMgao`jÜaaoM nao baMgaala kxI sa<aa CInaI qaIx,xApanaI parMparaAaoM maoM isamaTo rho AaOr x"xkÜxaifÜxraoMx" kxI saMskRxita kxao Apanaanao sao parhojÜa kxrtao rhox|xkxafÜxI AMtarala kox baad baMgaalaI mausalamaanaaoM kxao yah kxmaI paUrI kxrnaI paDÜIàyah BaI baMgaalaI àihnduAaoM sao {nakox saMGaYa- kxa ekx kxarNa hOx| [sakxI pairNaita hu[- (sana\ 1947 maoM) paUvaI- paaikxstaana kox inamaa-Na maoMx,xjaao sana\ 1971 maoM ekx svatan~a raYT/x,xbaaMglaa doSax,xbanaax,xijasamaoM bahutaayata sao baMgaalaI mausalamaana rhtao hOMx| magar Sarta\cand` kox "gaRh dahx"  maoM ijÜak`x hO kxÜrIba kÜxrIba isafÜ-x baMgaalaI ihnduAaoM kxa AaOr ihndUàmausalamaanaaoM kox baIca kox saMbaMQa kxI samasyaaAaoM kxao vaakÜx[- maoM CuAa nahIM gayaa hOx|

24.do. История русского романа. Т. 1. Москва – Ленинград, 1962 (r}saI {panyaasa kxa [itahasa. KaND 1. maa^Mskxao – laoinanaga`ad, 1962).

25. do. {}par [saI laoKa maoM iTppaNaI k`x.7x|

26. {nhoM kxiva kox r}pa maoM hI sana\ 1913 maoM saaihtya kxa naaobaola paurskxar pa`dana ikxyaa gayaa qaax|

27. [sa x"xbaajÜaarx" maoM ifÜxlahala  {na BaartaIyax(yaa BaartaIya maUla koxx) laoKakxaoM kxao saba sao baDÜI xsafÜxlataa pa`apta hO jaao AMga`ojÜaI maoM ilaKatao hOMx|

28. sana\ 1960 kox dSakx kox AarMBa maoM ko.x Aar. Ea`Iinavaasa AyyaMgaar nao duKa kox saaqa kxha qaa : "xhmaaro yaha^M mahana bauiw kox laaoga {panyaasakxar kxma hI haotao hOM.....hmaaro yaha^M Aba takx Apanaa Ta^lsaTa^ya yaa Apanaa daostaaoyaovskxI nahIM hOx,xmagar vao haoMgao jÜar}rx| hma hmaoSaa kxh sakxtao hOM....ikx hmaarI savaao-<ama {palaibQayaa^M BaivaYya maoM haonao vaalaI hOMx"x[The Novel in Modern India / Ed. by I. Bakhtiyar. Bombay , 1964, p. 10 - 24]. sana\ 1980 kox dSakx kox AarMBa maoM kRxYNaa kRxpalaanaI nao ilaKaa qaax:xx".......Baarta maoM ABaI takx Apanaa daostaaoyaovskxI paOda nahIM huAax,xna hI ABaI takx huAa hO Apanaa iDkoxnsaxx((Kripalani K. Literature of Modern India. A panoramic glimpse. New Delhi , 1982, p, 83)x| baIsavaIM SataabdI maoM rivand`naaqa T^gaaor kox paScaata\x(ijanhoM sana\ 1913 maoM kxiva kox r}pa maoM naaobaola paurskxar imalaa qaa) ekx BaI BaartaIya laoKakx naaobaola saaihtyakxar nahIM banaax|êmagar sana\ 2001 maoM  (vaosT) [MiDyana maUla kox iba`iTSa laoKak vaI. esa. naayapaala kxao saaihtya kxa naaobaola paurskxar pa`apta huAaë|

29. The Novel in Modern India / Ed. by I. Bakhtiyar.Bombay, 1964,p.2.

30. Saayad x"xAvasqaaAaoM " kox sqaana par ikxsaI pa`ik`xyaa kxI QaaraAaoM yaa ivaimaitayaaoMM kox baaro maoM kxhnaa jÜyaada {icata haotaax| kox. Aar. Ea`Iinavaasa AyyaMgaar Wara ivaBaaijata x"xAvasqaaAaoMx" kox baIca kxao[- ibanaaSata- saamaiyakx yaa sampaUNa- gauNaatmakx saImaae^M nahIM hOMx(ivaiBaÙa saaihtyaaoM maoM x"xAvasqaaAaoMx" kxa k`xma iBaÙa BaI hao sakxtaa hOx)x| KaÜasakxr x"xAnauvaadaoM AaOr r}paantarNaaoMx" taqaa x"xmaaOilakx {panyaasaaoMx" kox baIca Baod kxrnaa baDÜa mauiSkxla hOx| Saayad [sao iva. kRx. gaaokxakx kox Anausaar x"xAnauvaadaoMx,xnakÜxlaaoM AaOr maaOilakx rcanaaAaoM kxI itahrI pa`ik`xyaax" (“the three-fold process of translation, imitation and original creation”) kxhnaa AiQakx {icata haogaax"x(Gokak V.K. Introduction // Literatures in Modern Indian Languages. A series of broadcasts from All India Radio / Ed. by V.K. Gokak. Delhi, 1957, p.28)x|

31. Петруничева З.Н. Влияние английской прозы на роман телугу  // Проблемы индийского романа. Москва, 1974, с. 197 – 198 (pao~aUinacaovaa ijaÜ. ina. taolaugau {panyaasa par AMga`ojaÜI gaV kxa pa`Baavaóó BaartaIya {panyaasa kxI samasyaae^M. maa^skxaox,1974x,xpaR. 197à198)x|

32. Сухочёв А.С. От дастана к роману…, с. 118 (или дать ссылку только на хинди: sauKaaocaaova A.sao. dastaana sao {panyaasa takx…, paR. 118?).  A. sao. sauKaaocaaova kox Anausaar x"xnajÜaIr Ahmad Do kxI rcanaa kox svaOr Anauvaad yaa r}paantarNa kxI Aaor nahIM Jaukxtaox,xjaao AMga`ojÜaI saaihtya sao saMpakxaoM-M kxI AarMiBakx Avasqaa kxI ivaSaoYataa qaIx| koxvala paa~aaoM kxI vyavasqaa yaa {nakxI isqaita hI Do kxI rcanaa kxI yaad idlaataI hO (vahIM,xpaR.119)x| tau. kxroM Aagao [sa laoKa maoM "AaÙaa kxaroinanaax"  AaOr "gaRh dahx"  kox taulanaatmakx ivaSlaoYaNa saox|

qaa^masa Do (1748à1789) r}saao kox AnauyaayaI qaox(jaOsao ikx bahutaaMSa maoM laova Ta^lsTa^ya BaI qao)x| koximba`ja kox AMga`ojÜaI saaihtya kox saMiXapta [itahasa  maoM {nakox baaro maoM yao paMi@tayaa^M ilaKaI ga[- hOM : "xr}saao kox savaa-iQakx pa`isaw iSaYya qao...sanakxI qaa^masa Dox| kxhtao hOM ikx f`ÜaMsa maoM r}saao k`xainta laayaox,xAaOr [MglaOND maoMà"xsaOMDfÜxaoD- AaOr maoT-nax"x| Do kxI yah pa`isaw rcanaax(1783à1789) Aba ekx majÜaakx kox r}pa maoM doKaI jaataI hOx,xmagar jaao paazkx GaRiNata imasTr baalaao- kxao bada-Sta kxr sakxtaa hOx,x{sao [sa ikxtaaba maoM kxafÜxI saundrtaa najÜar AayaogaIx"x((Sampson G. The Concise Cambridge History of English Literature. 2nd ed. London, 1965 (1961), p. 618) .

33. Новикова В.А. Бонкимчондро Чоттопаддхай. Жизнь и творчество. Ленинград, 1969, (naaoivakxaovaax, baMikxmacand` caÕaopaaQyaaya. jaIvana evama\ kRxitatva. laoinanaga`adx,x1969)x|tau. najÜaIr Ahmad kox "xfÜxsaanaaàeàmaubtalaax" kox xnaayakx kox baaro maoM A. sao. sauKaaocaaova kxI iTppaNaIx:x"xmaubtalaa kxa ikxrdar AMga`ojÜaI laoKakx jaa^na banyana (1628à1688) kxI rcanaaAaoMx,xivaSaoYakxr "Life and Death of Mr. Badman " (1680) sao saIQao pa`Baaivata hOx|x" (sauKaaocaaova A.sao. dastaana sao {panyaasa takx…, paR. 126)

34. do. Indian Literature / Ed. by Dr. Nagendra. Agra, 1959.

35.do. {da. Западова Е.А. Роль переделок в современной бирманской литературе // Теоретические проблемы восточных литератур. Москва, 1969 (jÜaapaadaovaa yao.A. AaQauinakx bamaI- saaihtya maoM r}paantarNaaoM kxI BaUimakxaóópaUvaI- saaihtyaaoM kxI saOwaintakx samasyaae^M. maa^skxaox,x1969).

jaOsaa ikx A. sao.sauKaaocaaova nao idKaayaa hOx,x"xr}paantarNax" BaartaIya saaihtyaaoM kxI paUNa- x"xivakxisatax" Avasqaa maoM BaI rcao jaa sakxtao qaox| {dU- kox pa`isaw laoKakx kRxYNa candrx(1913à1977) nao sana\ 1971 maoM x"maSaInaaoM kxa Sahrx"  {panyaasa pa`kxaiSata ikxyaa jaao pa`isaw caokx laoKakx kxarola caapaokx kox naaTkx " R.U.R." kxa r}paantarNa hOx(do. {}par [saI laoKa maoM iTppaNaI k`x.4).

36. Chandu Menon O. Indulekha. A novel from Malabar / Tr. into English by W. Dumergue. Calicut , 1965 (First Printed 1890), p. i-xxv; The Novel in India. Its Birth and Development / Ed. by T.W.Clark. London,1970, pp. 208-217 AaOr [sa paustakx kxa pahlaa laoKax|

37. Aar. eSaor ilaKatao hOM ikx daonaaoM {panyaasaaoM maoM x" maUla r}pa sao basa [tanaI samaanataa hO ikx daonaaoMàpao`ma kxhainayaa^M (love stories)àtaIva` AavaogaaoM kxa vaNa-na hOMx| magar candU maonana kxao iDjÜa`a[laI kxa ivaYaya {zanao kxa daoYaI nahIM zhrayaa jaa sakxtaax| x"Henrietta Temple" àpao`ma kxhanaI hOx,xisafÜ-x pa`oma kxhanaI AaOr kxafÜxI saIQaI saaQaI hOx| "[ndulaoKaax" maoM saamaaijakx Aalaaocanaa kxao kxafÜxI mahtvapaUNa- sqaana pa`apta hOx" (Asher R.E. Three Novelists of Kerala // The Novel in India. Its Birth and Development / Ed. by T.W.Clark. London,1970, p.209).tau. hmaaro laoKa maoM Aagao "AaÙaa kxaroinanaax" AaOr "gaRh dahx" kxI taulanaa saox|

38.                      Брюсов В.Я. Пушкин-мастер // Брюсов В.Я. Собрание сочинений в семи томах. Т. 7. Москва, 1975, с. 165 – 166 (bya`Usaaova vaa.yaa. paUiSkxnaàkxlaakxaróóbya`Usaaova vaa. yaa. saMkxilata rcanaae^M saata KaNDÜaoM maoMx,xKaNDÜx,maa^skxaox,x1975x,xpaR. 165à166)x|

39.Лурье С. Ирония и судьба (Заметки о «Капитанской дочке» Пушкина // журнал «Аврора», 1978, №6, с. 65 – 75(laUya-o sa. Baagya AaOr ivaDmbanaax(paUiSkxna kox "kxptaana kxI baoTIx" kox baaro maoM iTppaiNayaa^M óópai~akxa "Ava`aorax"x,x1978x,xAMkxx6x,xpaR. 65à75)x|

40. laUya-o sa. {}par inaid-YT laoKa, paR. 75 |

 saaihtya kox [itahasa sao ekx samaana GaTnaa laIijayaox|{parao@ta baMikxmacand` nao baMgaalaI BaaYaa maoM Apanaa pahlaa {panyaasa pa`kxaiSata ikxyaa sana\ 1865 maoMx| yah ekx eoitahaisakx {panyaasa qaax(GaTnaayaoM maugaÜla saama`ajya kox daOr maoM GaiTta haotaI hOMx)x,xijasakxa naama qaa "dugao-Sa naindnaIx"x| laoKakx kox samakxalaIna AalaaocakxaoM nao [sa {panyaasa kox kxqaanakx kox kuxC AMSaaoM kxI vaa^lTr skxa^T kox "Ivanhoe" sao samaanataa idKaa[- hOx(ha^Mlaaikx svayaM baMikxmacand` nao kxha ikx Apanao {panyaasa kxI rcanaa kxrnao takx {nhaoMnao "Ivanhoe"  paZÜa nahIM qaa) [do. The Novel in India. Its Birth and Developement. Ed. by T.W.Clark. London, 1970 , p. 63)]|xmagar AaQauinakx jama-na Baartaivad\ vaaltaor r]baona kxaoxBaIx, "dugao-Sa naindnaIx" par "Ivanhoe" kxa pa`Baava najÜar Aayaax" [do. Ruben W. Indische Romane. Eine ideologische Untersuchung. Band I. Berlin,1964 , pp. 61-68(r]baona va. BaartaIya {panyaasa. ekx ivacaarQaaratmakx ivaSlaoYaNa. KaND 1. baila-na, 1964, paR. 61 - 68)x|

41. do. Вильмонт Н. Достоевский и Шиллер. Заметки русского германиста. Москва, 1984, с. 43 (ivalamaaonta ina. daostaaoyaovskxI AaOr iSallaorx. r}saI jama-naivad\ kxI iTppaiNayaa^Mx,xmaa^skxaox,x1984x,xpaR. 43) . AaOr [saI saMdBa- maoM do.  Passage C.E. Dostoevsky the Adapter. A Study in Dostoevsky's Use of the Tales of Hoffmann. Chapel Hill, 1954.

42. ivalamaaonta ina. {}par inaid-YT paustakxx,xpaR. 53 taqaa 54x|

43. ca^TjaI- baMgaalaI ba`aÓNa x"x{panaamax" caÕaopaaQyaaya kxa saMiXapta r}pa hOx,xijasao A@sar AMga`ojÜaI laoKana maoM pa`yaaoga ikxyaa jaataa hOx|

44. Sarta\cand` kxa janma {saI vaYa- huAax,xjaba AaÙaa kxaroinanaa kxI maRtyau hu[- qaIx| vlaadIimar naabaaokxaova kox Anausaar AaÙaa kxI maRtyau 1876 kxI ma[- kox maQya maoM hu[- [ do. Nabokov V. Lectures on Russian Literature. London, 1983,p.182-183) x| Sarta\cand` kxa janma {saI saala isatambar kox maQya maoM huAax| yah maalaUma kxrnaa idlacaspa haotaa ikx @yaa svayaM Sarta\cand` nao [sa saMyaaoga par gaÜaOr ikxyaa?

45.xdo. Kabir H. Saratchandra Chatterji. Bombay , 1942; Madan I.N. Saratchandra Chatterjee. His mind and art. Lahore , 1944; Naravane V.S. Sarat Chandra Chatterji. An Introduction to his Life and Work. Delhi a.o. , 1976; Sengupta S.C. Saratchandra. Man and Artist. New Delhi (Sahitya Akademi) , 1982 (1975).  saaqa hI do. The Golden Book of Saratchandra. A Centenary Commemoration Volume. Calcutta, 1977. jaÜaihr hO ikx xx"xbaMgaalaI saaihtya kox [itahasax" kox ikxsaI BaI saMskxrNa maoM Sarta\cand` kxao kxma sao kxma kuxC AnaucCodx(yaid paRYz nahIM taao) AvaSya samaipa-ta haoMgaox|

46. jaIvanaIkxaraoM kxa kxhnaa hO ikx [saI gaa^Mva maoM 18vaIM sadI kox sava-Ea`oYz baMgaalaI kxiva xBarta\cand` ra^yax(maR. 1760) kxa janma huAa qaax|

47. sau. saonagaupta ilaKatao hOMx,xx"xSarta\cand` nao doKaa ikx ikxsa pa`kxar ivaSaala ihndU saMyau@ta pairvaar kox kxaya-kxlaapa calatao hOMx,xAaOr vao pahlao eosao baDÜo {panyaasakxar qao ijanhaoMnao eosao pairvaar kxa vaNa-na ikxyaaà{sakox {laJanaBaro irStaaoMx,xi@laYT kxaya-pa`NaalaI AaOr Ainava-canaIya saaOhad`- kxax( Sengupta S.C. Op. cit., p. 9)x|

48. Sengupta S.C. Op. cit., p. 10 – 13.

49. laoKakx kox CaoTo Baa[- (ijanakxa laaOikxkx naama pa`BaaYa cand` qaa) ramakRxYNa imaSana maoM calao gayao AaOr vaastava maoM vaodanand kox naama sao sanyaasaI bana gayaox(Sengupta S.C. Op. cit., p. 9)|

50. [sa baata maoM Sarta\cand` kxI ma^i@sama gaaokxI- sao kuxC samaanataa doKaI jaa sakxtaI hOx,xjaaox,xjaOsaa ikx sava-ivaidta hOx,xlagaBaga [saI kxalaKaNDÜ maoM r}sa maoM paOdla BaTkx rho qaox|

51. sana\ 1935 takx bamaa- iba`iTSa AiQakRxta Baarta kox Baaga kox r}pa maoM rhax| 20vaIM SataabdI kox AarMBa maoM baMgaalaI ihndUx,xAtyaiQakx yaUraopaIkRxta dosaI samaUhaoM maoM sao ekx haonao kox kxarNax,xspaYTta: bamaa- kox x"x{painavaoSaIya pa`Saasanax" evama\ SahrI x"maQyama vaga-x" kxa ekx baDÜa ihssaa qaox|

52. Sengupta S.C. Op. cit., p. 15.

53. [sa AMga`ojÜaI laoiKakxa kox baaro maoM Aagao doiKayaox| yaha^M  r}saI paazkx kox ilayao ivaica~a pa`taIta hao rho mahana r}saI laoKakx Ta^lsTa^ya kox AaOrx,xlagaBaga hmaaro ilayao ABaI Anajaana ,xma^DÜma vauD kox x"xpaDÜaosaIpanax" par hI Qyaana doMgaox| [sana\ 2005 maoM hI mauJao pataa lagaa ikx KaÜud Ta^lsTa^ya ma^DÜma vauD kox {panyaasa SaaOkx sao paZtao qao AaOr yaasnaayaa paaolyaanaa  kox paustakxalaya maoM [sa laoiKakxa kxI Aaz paustakoMx hOM | ikxntau Aaja kox r}sa maoM ma^DÜma vauD sacamauca A&aata hO |]

54.  Naravane V.S. Op.cit., p. 23.

 

55. Sengupta S.C. Op. cit., p. 13.

56. "The Concise Cambridge History of English Literature" maoM ma^Dma honrI vauD par DoZÜ paMi@ta ilaKaI ga[- hOx,xijasamaoM {nakox naama kox saaqa saaqa {saI {panyaasa kox "xAtyanta laaokxipa`ya" (“immensely popular”) haonao kxa ijÜak`x hOx (Sampson G. The Concise Cambridge History of English Literature. 2nd ed. London, 1965 (1961), p.797).

57. r}saI Anauvaad sana\ 1886 maoM pa`kxaiSata huAa |[sa sao paUva- [sa laoiKakxa kox kxma sao kxma dao AaOr {panyaasaaoM kox r}saI Anauvaad pa`kxaiSata hao caukox qaox| saaoivayata kxala maoM na taao

"[-sTàilanax" kox [sa Anauvaad kxax,xna hI elaona vauD kxI Anya rcanaaAaoM kxa (pauna:) pa`kxaSana ikxyaa gayaax| "[-sTàilanax" kox Anauvaad kxa pauna: pa`kxaSana sana\ 1996 maoM kuxsk-x maoM ikxyaa gayaax|

58. kR.xkRxpalaanaI Sarta\cand` kxa Anya pa`itaiYzta BaartaIya saaihtyakxaraoM sao maukÜxabalaa kxrtao hue kxhtao hOMMà"x{na taqaakxiqata AaQauinakx @laaisakxla laoKakxaoM kxI pa`caurtaa hOx,xijanhaoMnao Apanao kxqaanakx skxa^T Aqavaa iDkoxnsa saox,xHyaUgaao Aqavaa baljÜaakx sao ilayaox(ma^DÜma hOnrI vauDÜ kox "[-sTàilanax"  kxao BaI BaartaIya saaihtya kxI @laaisakxla rcanaa kox r}pa maoM nava jaIvana pa`apta huAa)...."x((Kripalani K. Literature of Modern India. A panoramic glimpse. New Delhi, 1982. p. 85) |

59. hao sakxtaa hO ikx yah CÔ naama haox| tau. {sakox baaro maoM "The Concise Cambridge History of English Literature" maoM ilaKaI iTppaNaIx: x" jaha^M  takx ma^rI kxa^rolaxx(imaina ma@koxya [Minnie Mackay]x) kxa saMbaMQa hOx,xtaao {sakxa {llaoKa isafÜ-x [sailayao ikxyaa jaataa hO ikx vah ekx pa`SaMsanaIya pa`maaNa hO {sa kxala KaMDÜ kox baaro maoMx,xijasamaoM {da<a ivaYayaaoM kxa ica~aNa AiSaiXata laoKakxaoM Wara AiSaiXata paazkxaoM kox ilayao ikxyaa jaataa qaax"x(Sampson G.Op.cit.,p,803).

60. r}saI maoM hma "roman"(=novel) taqaa "povest' " maoM Baod kxrtao hOMx,xijasao ek ivaiSaYTx(paRqakx) saaihityakx ivaQaa maanaa jaataa hOx,xAaOr jaao laGau kxqaa evama\ {panyaasa kox baIca kxI caIjaÜ haotaI hOx| vah ijasao hma x"xpaaovaostax" kxhtao hOM ,Baarta maoM "{panyaasax" hI kxha jaataa hO ,xspaYTIkxrNa kox ilayao {sao "laGau {panyaasa" kxh idyaa jaataa hOx|

61.  do. Комаров Э.Н. Шоротчондро Чоттопаддхай: идеи и образы // Чоттопаддхай Ш. Сожженный дом. Повести и романы / Перевод с бенгальского. Москва, 1971, с. 3. 

(kxaomaaraova e.na. Sarta\cand` caÕaopaaQyaaya : ivacaar AaOr ibaMba // caÕaopaaQyaaya Sa.  "jalaa huAa  Gar". laGau {panyaasa AaOr {panyaasa / baMaglaa sao Anauvaad. maa^Mskxao, 1971, paR. 3). ivaQavaaAaoM kxI dSaax AaOrx,xAMSata:x,x{nakox paunaiva-vaah kxI saMBaavanaax(jaao paarMpairkx ,xr}iZÜvaadI ihndU Qama- kox ilayao ivacaarNaIya nahIM hOx)x,xyao jaOsaa ikx sava- ivaidta hOx,19vaIM AaOr 20vaIM SataabdI maoM BaI BaartaIya saamaaijakx ivacaarQaara kox sammauKa xkuxC eosao naajÜaukx AaOr jvalanta pa`Sna qaox,xijana par taIva` pa`itaik`xyaae^M vya@ta kxI jaataI qaIMx|

62. Sarta\cand` kxI rcanaaAaoM kox saMga`h maoMx,xjaao 1950 kox dSakx maoM kxlakx<aa maoM pa`kxaiSata huAax(AaOr 60 kox dSakx maoM pauna: pa`kxaiSatax)x,xtaorh maaoTo maaoTo KaNDÜ hOMx|

63. marazI vaI. esa. narvaNao naox(hlkxa saa {laahnaa dotao hue?) ilaKaa hOx:xx"xSarta\cand` kox ivaSva maoM isafÜ-x baMgaalaI rhtao hOMx| vah koxvala baMgaalaI pairvaaraoM kox jaIvana kxa vaNa-na kxrtao hOMx| yah baata nahIM hO ikx {nakox mana maoM Baarta kox Anya BaagaaoM maoM rhnao vaalaaoM kox pa`ita kxao[- paUvaa-ga`h qaox| {nakxI raYT/Iyataax(yaha^M samaUcaI BaartaIya raYT/Iyataa sao taatpaya- hOàsao.sao.) saBaI saMdohaoM sao paro hOx| gaÜOr baMgaailayaaoM kox baaro maoM {nakxI iTppaiNayaaoM maoM kxao[- AaoCapana BaI nahIM hOx| magar {nakxI r]ica kxa dayara isafÜ- baMgaala AaOr baMgaala sao baahr basao baMgaailayaaoM takx hI saIimata qaax" (Naravane V.S. Op.cit.,p. 12-13)x|

64. Sengupta S.C. Op.cit.,p.1.

65. {dahrNa kox taaOr par vaI. esa. narvaNao ilaKatao hOM ikx rivand`naaqaàihmaalaya hOMx,xAaOr Sarta\cand`àivanQyaacala (Naravane V.S. Op.cit.p., ix).

66.xtau. kR. kRxpalaanaI kox kxqana saox: x"xSarta\cand` caÕaopaaQyaaya kxao jaOsaI baMgaala maoM laaokxipa`yataa pa`apta hu[-x,xvaOsaI hI baMgaala sao baahr BaI imalaIx,xkxBaI kxBaI taao yah TOgaaor kxI laaokxipa`yataa sao BaI baZÜ jaayaa kxrtaIx"x(Kripalani K. Op.cit.p. 81)x|

67. Sarta\cand` kxI rcanaaAaoM kox Anya BaartaIya BaaYaaAaoM maoM (AaOr AMga`ojÜaI maoM BaIx;xyah BaI kxh sakxtao hOM ikx x"xAMga`ojÜaI saihtax"x, @yaaoMikx AMga`ojaÜI Aajakxala BaartaIya BaaYaaAaoM maoM sao ekx hOx) AnauvaadaoM kxI x"ivaiSaYz saMdBa-ga`nqa saUcaIx"  do. {da. saonagauptaa kxI paustakx maoMx(Sengupta S.C. Op.cit., p. 98-110)x|[sa saUcaI kox Anausaarx,xSarta\cand` kxI rcanaae^M baarh BaartaIya BaaYaaAaoMx(AMga`ojÜaI kox Aitair@ta) AnaUidta kxI ga[- hOMx: Asaimayaax,xgaujarataIx,xihndIx,xkxÙaDÜx,xmarazIx,xmalayaalamax, x{iDÜyaax,xpaMjaabaIx,xisaMQaIx,xtaimalax,xtaolaugau AaOr {dU-x| tau. AMga`ojÜaI Baarta\ivad raonaalD sTuAT- maOkxga`Ogaaor kxI iTppaNaI saox: x"x{nakox (Sarta\cand` koxàsao.sao.) ivaYaya AaOr pairvaoSax,xpaUrI tarh baMgaalaI haotao hue BaIx,xkoxvala baMgaalaI nahIM qaox,xbailkx paUro Baarta kox =dya kox inakxT qaox;xAaOr {nakxI baohtarIna rcanaayaoM na koxvala baMgaala kxI hOMx,xbailkxàAnauvaadaoM kxI badaOlataàBaartaIya saaihityakx Qaraohr kxa ekx ihssaa bana ga[- hOMx"x[(McGregor R.S. Saratchandra's Pandit Masai // JAOS (Journal of American Oriental Society), 1976 , p., 342)].

68. Chatterji S.K. Languages and Literatures of Modern India. Calcutta , 1963, p. 188.

69.tau. vaI. esa. narvaNao kox SabdaoM saox,xijanasao vah ApanaI paustakx samaapta kxrtao hOMx:x "xbaMgaala kxao inaScaya hI {na par gava- hOx| magar vao paUro Baarta kox hOMx| AaOr {nakxI kuxC rcanaaAaoM maoM taao [tanaI mahana ivaSaoYataae^M hOMx,xikx {nhoM ivaSva saaihtya kox smaarkxaoM maoM sqaana idlaae^Mx"x(Naravane V.S. Op.cit. p.178.)

saaqa hI tau. saupa`isaw ihndI laoKakx jaOnaond` kuxmaar kxI iTppaNaI saox:xx"xvahx(Sarta\cand`àsao.sao.) Baarta kox baahr {tanao laaokxipa`ya nahIM hOMx| magar mauJao yaad hO ikx maoro ivadoSa Ba`maNa kox daOrana maOMnao {nhoM ivaSva saaihtya maoM daostaaoyaovskxI AaOr Ta^lsTa^ya kox baad rKa idyaax"x(The Golden Book of Saratchandra, p.51).

70. do. Sengupta S.C. Op.cit.,p. 98-110 | yah {laaoKanaIya hO ikx Sarta\cand` kox ekx laGau {panyaasa kxa AMga`ojÜaI Anauvaad saupa`isaw Arivand GaaoYa kox sampaadna maoM pa`kxaiSata huAa qaax,xrivand`naaqa T^gaaor Wara [sa paustakx kxI BaUimakxa ilaKaI ga[- qaIx,xjaao Apanao saaihityakx Anauja kxI rcanaaAaoM kox bahuta baDÜo pa`SaMsakx qaox(do. Chatterji S. The Deliverance [Niskrti]. A Novelette / Tr. from the original Bengali by Dilip Kumar Roy, rev. by Sri Aurobindo , with a preface by Rabindranath Tagore. Bombay, 1944.)x|

71. Sarta\cand` kxI kx[- rcanaaAaoM kox r}saI Anauvaad sana\ 1951x AaOr 1971 kox baIca pa`kxaiSata hue ;x{panyaasa "gaRh dahx"  kxa Anauvaad r}saI sao ilaqauAainayana BaaYaa maoM BaI ikxyaa gayaax(do. Cotopadhajus S. Sudegintinamai. [Romanas. Is rusi k. verte M. Subataviciene].Vilnius, 1961)x|xmagar yao pa`kxaSanax,xjÜaaihr hOx,xbaMgaalaI laoKakx kxI r}saI paazkx vaga- kox baIca {tanaI laaokxipa`yataax(Aqavaa Alaaokxipa`yataax) nahIM dSaa-taox,xijatanaI ikx saaoivayata pa`kxaSana gaRhaoM taqaa x" {cca saMsqaaAaoMx" kxI rajanaIita kxaox| AaOr yah BaI ivaSaoYa hO ikx saaoivayata saMGa kox AMitama baIsa vaYaao-M maoM Sarta\cand` kxI ekx BaI rcanaa kxa r}saI Anauvaad pa`kxaiSata nahIM huAax| @yaa saaoivayata {paranta kxala maoM hmaaro yaha^M Sarta\cand` kox Anauvaad pa`kxaiSata haoMgaox? êjahaM takx mauJao maalaUma hO, Aba takx, sana\ 2005 takx, r}saI BaaYaa maoM Sarta\cand kxI kxao[- AaOr paustakx nahIM inakxlaI hOë|

72. Kripalani K. Op.cit., p. 81. tau. Sen S. History of Bengali Literature. New Delhi (Sahitya Akademi), 1960, pp. 344-346.| kRx. kRxpalaanaI kxa vyaMgya maanaao yah AaSaya rKataa hO ikx Sarta\cand` kxI rcanaaAaoM kxao Aama janataa kox CaoTo maaoTo saaihtya kxI Ea`oNaI maoM rKaa jaa sakxtaa hOx| magar maoro Avalaaokxna sao yah pa`taIta huAa ikx AaQauinakx baMgaailayaaoM maoM Sarta\cand` ko  {panyaasa {cca saMskRxita kox laaoga BaI paZÜtao hOMx|

73.Zbavitel D. Bengali Literature (A History of Bengali Literature / ed. by Jan Gonda. Vol.IX. Fasc. 3). Wiesbaden, 1976, p. 281.

74.Kazi Abdul Wadud. Bengali Literature // Contemporary Indian Literature. A Symposium. 2nd ed. , revised and enlarged. New Delhi (Sahitya Akademi) , 1959, p., 25.

75.do. Naravane V.S., Op.cit., p. 40 ; Sengupta S.C. Op. cit., p. 68

76. laoKakx kxI ApanaI raya sao sahmata haotao hue sau. saonagauptaa Sarta\cand` kxI [sa rcanaa kxao x"xivaSva kox mahanatama {panyaasaaoM maoM sao ekxx" kxI saM&aa dotao hOM (Sengupta , Op.cit.,p.68) .AMga`ojÜaI Anauvaad maoM [sa {panyaasa kxa SaIYa-kx hO "The Fire" ("AignakxaND"Ü) (do. [Chattopadhyaya S.C.] The Fire. A novel by Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyaya / Tr. from the original novel Grihadaha by Sachindra Lal Ghosh. Calcutta , 1964)^x|x57. Anauvaadkx sau. GaaoYa ApanaI saMiXapta BaUimakxa maoM ilaKatao hOM ikx [sa rcanaa kxao x"xAnaokx vyai@ta Sarta\cand` kxa savaao-tkRxYT {panyaasa maanatao hOMx" (Ibid., p.i).

77. Литературное наследство. Том 75 (в двух книгах). Толстой и зарубежный мир. Книга 1. Mосква, 1975, с. 252 ( saaihityakx Qaraohr. KaNDÜ 75 (dao BaagaaoM maoM) " Ta^lsTa^ya AaOr ivadoSaI jagatax" Baaga 1. maa^skxaox,x1975x,xpaR. 252x|

78.vaastava maoM janavarI 1917 sao janavarI 1920 takx {panyaasa kxlakx<aa kxI pai~akxa x"xBaartavaYa-x" maoM Cpataa rha ,xAaOr maaca- 1920 maoM paustakx r}pa maoM pa`kxaiSata huAax(do.x: Śarat-sāhitya-sangraha. Saptama sambhāra.  [Collected Works of Sharatchandra. Vol. 7.] Calcutta, 1362 B.S. (=1955A.D.), p. 417)| tau. "AaÙaa kxaroinanaax" kox pa`kxaSana kox [itahasa saox: sana\ 1875à1877 takx pai~akxa "Russki Vestnik" ("r}saI dUta") maoM x,xsana\ 1878 maoM àpaustakx r}pa maoMx| yah Qyaana rKanaa haogaa ikx {. jaaoSaI kox BaaYaNa kxa AalaoKa r}saI Anauvaad maoM pa`kxaiSata huAa hOx,xijasakxa saMpaadna taqaa saMSaaoQanax(r}saI na jaananao kox kxarNax) svayaM laoKakx nahIM kxr sakxtaa qaax|

79. tau. {nhIM {.jaaoSaI kox {sa laoKa kox kxqana sao jaao {nhaoM nao "The Golden Book of Saratchandra" maoM ilaKaa qaax| yah paustakx Sarta\cand` kxI janma SataabdI kox Avasar par kxlakx<aa maoM pa`kxaiSata hu[- qaIx: "xSarta\cand` nao ApanaI rcanaatmakxtaa kox {ccatama iSaKar par "gaRh dah"  ilaKaax| eosaa {panyaasa ilaKanaa kxizna qaa....Acalaa kxa ica~aNax(AaOr {sakxI kxhanaI bataanaa) Aasaana kxama nahIM qaaàkxlaatmakxtaa kxI dRiYT sao AaOr saaqa hI saamaaijakx maanyataa kxI dRiYT saox" (The Golden Book of Saratchandra , p.25).

80. Л.Н. Толстой и современность. Сборник статей и материалов. Москва, 1981, c. 248 (lao. ina. Ta^lsTa^ya AaOr AaQauinakxtaa. laoKaaoM AaOr saamaga`I kxa saMkxlana. maaskxao, 1981, paR. 248).

81. "xba`aÓ samaaja "x(SabdSa: "xekx hI [-Svar ba`Óna\ kox Ba@taaoM kxa vaga-x")àQaaima-kxàsauQaarvaadI Aandaolanax,x jaao yaUraopaIya iSaXaa pa`apta baMgaailayaaoM kox vaga- maoM 19vaIM SataabdI kox dUsaroàtaIsaro dSakx maoM {tpaÙa huAax| yah "samaaja" ihndutva kxI vyaaKyaa ekoxSvarvaad kox pairpa`oXya maoM kxrnaa caahtaa qaa,xAaOr saaqa hI Baarta kox x"xAaQauinakxIkxrNax" maoM sahayataa donaa caahtaa qaax| [sa "samaaja" maoM 19vaIMà20vaIM SataabdI kxI BaartaIya saMskRxita koxx Anaokx kxaya-kxtaa- huex,xijanamaoM saba sao pa`isaw qaoàrivand`naaqa T^gaaorx| [sa "samaajax" kox sadsyaaoM taqaa r}iZÜvaadI ihndU samaaja kox pa`itainaiQayaaoM kox baIca 19vaIM SataabdI maoM taqaa 20vaIM SataabdI kox AarMBa maoM taIva` vaOcaairkx vaad ivavaad haotao qaox,jaaox,x {dahrNaaqa-x,xrivand`naaqa T^gaaor kox saupa`isaw {panyaasa "gaaorax" (1909) maoM pa`itaibaMibata hue hOMx|x"xba`aÓ samaajax" kox baaro maoM do. {da. Kopf D. The Brahmo Samaj and the shaping of the modern Indian mind. Princeton, 1979.

82. dUsaro SbdaoM maoM ,x"gaRh dah"x,x"AaÙaa kxaroinanaax"  hI kxI Baa^Mita na koxvala x"xpa`oma kxhanaIx" (" a love story")hOx,xbailkx ekx saOwaMitakx (ideological) {panyaasa hOx|

83.xNabokov V. Lectures on Russian Literature. London,1983, p. 194.

84.История русской литературы XI-XX веков. Краткий очерк.Mосква,1983, с. 348.

(19vaIM - 20vaIM SataaibdyaaoM kox r}saI saaihtya kxa [itahasa. saMiXapta r}paroKaa. maaskxao, 1983, paR. 348).

85. Nabokov V. Op.cit., p. 194.

86. BaartaIya paazkxaoM kxI KaÜaitar r}saI {panaamaaoM kxI ekx ivaSaoYataa kxao samaJaanaa AavaSyakx hOx| AiQakxaMSa r}saI {panaamaaoM kox paur]YaaoM evama\ is~ayaaoM kox ilayao Alaga Alaga r}pa haotao hOMx| [sa pa`kxar yaid ikxsaI paur]Ya kxa {panaama "kxaroinanax" hO taao maihlaa kox ilayao tatsaMgata {panaama "kxaroinanaax" hao jaayaogaax| laoivana kxI patnaI kxhlaayaogaIàlaoivanaax| ivavaah sao pahlao {sakxa {panaama qaa Saobaa-tskxayaax,x@yaaoMikx vah saamanta Saobaa-tskxI kxI baoTI qaIx| {sakxI baDÜI baoTI kxa {panaama staIvaa AaoblaaonskxI sao ivavaah kox paScaata\ " Aaoblaaonskxayaax" hao gayaax|

87. Qyaana donao yaaogya baata hO ikx "gaRh dahx"  kox taimala maoM hue AnauvaadaoM maoM sao ekx kxa SaIYa-kx hO "Acalaax" (do. Sengupta S. Op.cit., p. 103).

88. baoSakÜx ,xvaRw saamanta Saobaa-tskxI kxao yaad ikxyaa jaa sakxtaa hOx,xijanakxI Ta^lsTa^ya kox {panyaasa maoM mahtvapaUNa- saOwaMitakx BaUimakxa hOx;xmagar ifÜxr BaI vaRw saamanta kxI gaNanaa {panyaasa kox pa`mauKa paa~aaoM maoM nahIM haotaIx|

89. "xAcalaax" Sabd (Acalaaàs~aIilaMgaI ivaSaoYaNax,xijasakxa Aqa- hOàjaao x"calax" na hao) sao taatpaya- hao sakxtaa hOx,

x" kxzaorx,xApairvata-naSaIlax,xinarntarx"x| yahx,xinassaMdoh ,

xAqa-paUNa- naama hOx|

90. yaha^M AaOr Aagao baMgaalaI AavaRita sao ilayao gayao {wrNa Sarta\ saaihtya saMga`h kox saatavaoM Baaga sao ilayao gayao hOMx| êŚarat-sāhitya-sangraha. Saptama sambhāra.  (Collected Works of Sharatchandra. Vol. 7.) Calcutta, 1362 B.S. (=1955A.D.)]: GD 3 xkxa Aqa- hO  "gaRhdah" AQyaaya 3x|

91. sana\ 1997 maoMx,xjaba maOM idllaI maoM qaax, taao qaaoDÜI saI mauiSkxla sao Sarta\cand` kox {panyaasa kxa ihndI Anauvaad pa`apta ikxyaax: Sarta\cand`x.xgaRhdah. idllaI(sanmaaga- pa`kxaSana)x,x1994. taajjauba kxI baata hO ikx Anauvaad kxa naama kxhIM BaI idyaa nahIM gayaa hOx|[sa Anauvaad sao ilayao gayao {wrNaaoM kxao pa`stauta laoKa maoM [sa pa`kxar sao dSaa-yaa gayaa hOx:gaRhdahx,xpaR....|

92. tau. "xAcalaa kxI sagaa[- maihma sao hu[- hOx,xjaao ekx saMyata vyai@ta hOx,x{<aoijata nahIM haotaa AaOr imalanasaar nahIM hOx| SaadI sao pahlao hI Acalaa kxa paircaya Apanao maMgaotar kox ima~a sauroSa sao haotaa hOx,xjaao saahsaIx,xbaataUnaIx,xBaavaukx AaOr jaldbaajÜa pa`kRxita kxa hOàhr dRiYT sao maihma sao ivaparItax" [Sengupta S.,Op.cit.,p.68]. " yauvataI kxaox(yaanao Acalaa kxaoàsao.sao.) dao paur]Ya pa`oma kox ilayao pa`oirta kxrtao hOMx: ekxx(maihma) vah ijasasao {sakxI sagaa[- hao caukxI hO AaOr ijasasao byaah BaI haotaa hOx,xApanao BaItar ipataRvata\ Civa samaoTo hOx,xmagar inaQa-na hOx,ximalanasaar nahIM hO AaOr baa+ta: zMDa pa`taIta haotaa hOx; dUsarax(sauroSa)x,xvah hO jaao {sao ApanaI Aaor AakxiYa-ta kxrtaa hOx,xSaarIirkx saMbaMQa kxI dRiYT saox,xAaOr Anta maoM {sakxa ivaSvaasaGaata kxrtaa hO,àxcaustax,xfÜuxtaI-laax,xBaavaukx AaOr Qanavaana hOx"x[(Translator’s preface to [Chattopadhyaya S.C.] The Fire. A novel by Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyaya. Tr. from the original novel Grihadaha by Sachindra Lal Ghosh. Calcutta,  1964 , p.i] .

93. yaha^M AaOr Aagao laoKa maoM {wrNaaoM kxa Aqa- hOx: AK 1,20 , AaÙaa kxaroinanaax,xKaNDÜ 1x,xAQyaaya 20x|

94. AignakxaNDÜ kox kxarNaaoM kxao {panyaasa maoM zIkx zIkx samaJaayaa nahIM gayaa hOx,xmagar yah saMdoh ikxyaa jaa sakxtaa hO ikx Gar kxao kxÕr ihnduAaoM nao jalaayaa haogaax,xjaao [sa baata sao Apa`saÙa qao ikx maihma kxlakx<aa sao ba`aÓ samaajaI patnaI laayaa hOx| vao AignakxaNDÜ kxao [sa kxaya- kox ilayao pa`d<a dMD kox r}pa maoM samaJaatao hOMx(do. {panyaasa kxa baIsavaa^M AQyaaya)x|

yaha^M {panyaasa kox SaIYa-kx "gaRh dahx" kox baaro maoM kuxC Sabd kxhnaa {icata haogaax| yah saMskRxta kxa saamaaisakx Sabd dao BaagaaoM sao banaa hOx:xgaRh à"xGarx" AaOr dah à"xjalanaax,xjalaanaax"x| yah Sabd kxafÜxI pauranaa hO AaOr taqaakxiqata x"Ea`aOtaàsaU~aaoMx" maoM idKaa[- dotaa hOx| "xEa`aOtaàsaU~ax" vao pa`acaIna laoKa hOM jaao vaOidkx kxma-kxaNDÜ kxI vyaaKyaa kxrtao hOMx| saaqa hIx,xjÜaaihr hIx,xyah baMgaalaI BaaYaa maoM ekx Aama Sabd hOx| "baMgaalaIàr}saI SabdkxaoSax" (maa^skxaox,x1957) maoM Sabd gaRhàdah  kxao [sa tarh sao samaJaayaa gayaa hOx: "x1. (Gar kxao) Aaga lagaanaax;x2. AignakxaNDÜx"x| Sarta\cand` kox {panyaasa kox SaIYa-kx kxa Anauvaad BaI [sa tarh ikxyaa jaa sakxtaa qaaàxx"AignakxaNDÜx" (tau. [saI naama kxa vaalaointana raspauitana kxa laGau {panyaasaà«Пожар».x)x|xmagar hao sakxtaa hO ikx BaartaIya kxanaaoM kxao saamaaisakx Sabd x"xgaRh dahx" maoM kuxC inaihtaaqa- saunaa[- dotao haoMx| {da. "ihndIàr}saI SabdkxaoSax"  (maa^skxao,1972) maoM [sa Sabd kxao [sa tarh samaJaayaa gayaa hOx: "x1. Gar jalaanaax;x 2.xpaairvaairkx kxlah ,xjaao {sakxa naaSa kxr dotaa hOx"x| jaOsaa ikx spaYT hOx,xSarta\cand` kox {panyaasa par dUsara Aqa- BaI paUrI tarh laagaU haotaa hOx|x[sa {panyaasa kox {d-U Anauvaad kxa SaIYa-kx hO "KaÜanamaa^Màeàbarbaadx" (yaanao "xijasakxa Gar babaa-d hao gayaa hOx") [do. Sengupta S. ,Op.cit., p.104].

95. jaIvanaIkxaraoM kxa kxhnaa hO ikx Sarta\cand` kxao x" gaa^Mva kxI ijÜandgaI sao pyaar qaax" AaOr vao SahrI jaIvana sao bacaa kxrtao qaoxx[Sengupta S. ,Op.cit., p.2]. magar "gaRh dahx"  maoMx,x"AaÙaa kxaroinanaax" sao ivaparIta na taao KaotaI baaDÜI kox kxamaaoM Aqavaa gaa^Mva kox inavaaisayaaoM kox jaIvana yaapana kxa  ivastaRta evama\ ivaBaaor ica~aNa nahIM hOx(jaOsaa ikx "AaÙaa kxaroinanaax" maoM Gaasa kxaTnao AaOr iSakxar kxrnao kxa pa`isaw vaNa-na hOx)| magarx,xjaOsaa ikx {}par kxha jaa caukxa hOx,xSarta\cand` kxa {panyaasa x"kxmaraoMx"  kxa {panyaasa hO AaOr vah BaartaIya jaIvana kxa [tanaa vaRhd\ ica~a pa`stauta nahIM kxrtaax,xijatanaa ikx Ta^lsTa^ya {panyaasa kxrtaa hO r}saI jaIvana kxax|

96. laoivana hI kxI Baa^Mitax,xmaihma BaI {panyaasa kox Anta maoM Qaaima-kx pa`SnaaoM par manana kxrtaa hOx|

97. {da. x"xho [-Svar! maOM AaOr nahIM jaI sakxtaIàmauJao Apanao paasa baulaa lao!x" (GD 43, p.290; tau. gaRhdahx,xpaR.231: "ho Bagavaana! tauma mauJao {za laao!x" yaanao yah Anauvaad laGaukRxta hO].

98. tau. gaRhdah, paR. 151: “nayaa iSakxarI pahlao inaSaanao maoM igarI hu[- icaiDyaa kxI maRtyauyaM~aNaa kxao Avaak\x haokxr jaOsao doKataa hO, vaOsao hI dao maugQaàApalakx Aa^MKaaoM kxI inagaah sao vah maanaao ikxsaI marNaasanna s~aI kxI Aintama GaDI kxI gavaahI kox ilae KaDa hao”|

99. Sarta\cand` plaoga sao BalaI Baa^Mita pairicata qaox| rMgaUna maoM plaoga kxI mahamaarI kox samaya {nakxI pa`qama patnaI AaOr nanhoM baalakx kxa dohanta hao gayaa qaax|(Sengupta S. Op.cit.,p.17) |

100. Nabokov V. Op.cit.,p.92.

101. {llaoKanaIya hO ikx taugao-naova kox {panyaasa maoM maRta SarIr kxI caIr fÜxaDÜ kxI baata hao rhI hOx,xAaOr Sarta\cand` kox {panyaasa maoM isafÜ-x x"xAa^paroSanax" kxa ijÜak`x hOx|x@yaa Sarta\cand` evama\ {nakox paazkxaoM kxao sana\ 1920 maoMxxsaaOndya- Saas~a kxI dRiYT sao caIrfÜxaDÜ svaIkxaya- qaIx?

102. do. {da. Jahn G.R. The Image of the Railroad in Anna Karenina // Slavic and east European Journal 25 , No.2 (Summer , 1981); Adelman G. Anna Karenina. The Bitterness of Ecstasy (Twayne's Masterwork Studies No.56). Boston, 1990 , p.23 , 108 ; Nabokov V. Op.cit., p.198.  hma kxh sakxtao hOM ikx r}saI evama\ baMgaalaI laoKakxaoM kxI rcanaaAaoM maoM rolagaaDÜI x"xAaQauinakx saByataax" kxa pa`taIkx hOx,xjaao paarMpairkx maUlyaaoM kxao naYT kxrtaI hO AaOr kxBaI taao laaogaaoM kxao maar BaI DalataI hOx(yah saca hOx,xikx Sarta\cand` kox paa~aaoM maoM sao kxao[- BaI rolagaaDÜI kox naIcao Aakxr nahIM martaax)x|

103. {panyaasa kxa Antaàx "xKaulaa " hOx: maihma Acalaa kxao gaa^Mva maoM hI CaoDÜkxr kxlakx<ao calaa jaataa hOx,xmagar maRNaala kox Sabdx,xjaao maihma sao kxho gayao qaox,xpaazkxaoM kox mana maoM yah AaSaa CaoDÜ jaatao hOM ikx Anta maoM maihma patnaI kxao vaapasa laaOTa laogaax| yah Aintama dRSya baDÜI baarIkÜxI sao ilaKaa gayaa hOx,xijasao sao. tsaIirna kox r}saI Anauvaad maoM vya@ta kxrnaa paUrI tarh saMBava nahIM hao paayaax|x[sa Anauvaad kox gauNadaoYaaoM kxa ivastaRta ivavaocanax,xyaha^Mx,xhmaara taatpaya- nahIM hOx| magar "gaRh dahx"  evama\ Sarta\cand` kxI Anya rcanaaAaoM kxa r}saI maoM pauna: Anauvaad kxrnaa {icata haogaax|

104. naabaaokxaova kox mataanausaarx,xDa^laI "Ta^lsTa^ya kxI AadSa- maihlaaAaoM maoM sao ekx hOx"  (“[Dolly is] in a way one of Tolstoy’s ideal women”) (Nabokov V., Op.cit., p. 145)].

105. yaha^M koxdar baabaU kox sauQaarvaadI paMqa ,x"xba`aÓ samaajax" , sao saMbaMQaaoM sao taatpaya- hOx|

106. {dahrNa kox ilayaox,xdaonaaoM {panyaasaaoM maoM (A@sar) r}saI Sabd стыд ({ccaarNa x"staIdx"x) evama\ {sakox baMgaalaI r}paantarà"lajjaax" kox pa`yaaoga kxI taulanaa kxrnaa kxafÜxI idlacaspa haogaax| baMgaalaI {panyaasa kxa SaIYa-kx ,x"gaRh dahx"  ,xkxhIM AMSata:x,x"AaÙaa kxaroinanaax" kox AalaoKa Wara hI taao nahIM sauJaayaa gayaax? naabaaokxaova kxI "xAaÙaa kxaroinanaax" kox AarMiBakx saupa`isaw vaa@ya : x" AaoblaaonskxI kox Gar maoM saba kuxC {laT paulaT hao gayaa qaaxx"x kox xbaaro maoM kxI ga[- vyaaKyaa kxI taulanaa kxroMx:

" Sabd Gar [r}saI maoM дом à {ccarNa "daoma\x"]  (Gar  maoM ,x GaràgaRhsqaIx,xGar  par)  Ch vaa@yaaoM maoM Aaz baar duhrayaa jaataa hOx| yah BaarI AaOr kuxC gaMBaIrtaapaUva-kx kxI ga[- paunaravaRi<a  Gar xx,  Gar x,x  Gar êdaoma\x,xdaoma\x,daoma\ë maanaao ABaagao paairvaairkx jaIvanaxx(paustakx kxI ekx pa`mauKa ivaYaya vastau) par dfÜxnaanao kxI rsma kox daOrana bajatao GaMTo kxI AavaajÜa jaOsaa gaUMjataa hOàyah , spaYTta:x, ek  SaOlaIgata ivaSaoYataa hOxx" [x(“…a deliberate [stylistic] device…”)" (Nabokov V., Op.cit.,  p. 210)].

107. Adelman G., Op.cit., p.125.

108.  Lawrence D.H. Studies in Classic American Literature. New York , 1923, p.3 –  ( ihndI {wrNa): Adelman G., Op.cit.,  p.124.

ekx raya yah hO ikx  taaomasa maana nao BaI Apanao {panyaasa

"jaadu[- pava-tax"  maoM r}saI maihlaa @laaivdyaa SaaoSaa kxa vaNa-na Ta^lsTa^ya kxI AaÙaa kxaroinanaa kox paa~a kox ivavaad svar}pa ikxyaa hOx(do. Adelman G., Op.cit., p.128).

109. Apanao AalaoKa maoM maOMnao sao. tsaIirna kox r}saI Anauvaad kxao {wirta ikxyaa hOx,xjaao kx[- sqaanaaoM par ekxdma sahI nahIM BaI hao sakxtaax| Saayad jÜyaada zIkx Anauvaad haotaax:xx"....dNDÜ kxa baDÜa Baaga paur]Ya kxao Jaolanaa caaihyaoàKaÜasakxrx x[saIilayao , ikx vah paur]Ya hOx"x| tau. AMga`ojÜaI Anauvaad saox:  "x.....I have come to the conclusion that...the man must take the greater share of the punishment simply because he is a man" [(Chattopadhyaya S.C.) The Fire. A novel by Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyaya. Tr. from the original novel Grihadaha by Sachindra Lal Ghosh. Calcutta, 1964 , p.103]. tau. ihndI Anauvaad saox: 

“…maOM nao [tanaa–Bar samaJaa hO ikx…mad- haonao kox naatao [sa sajaa kxa jyaada ihssaa mad- kxao {zanaa caaihe |” (gaRhdah, paR. 92).

110. Acalaa ,xSaayadx,xekx ina:svaaqa-x,Anamanao gaaZÜopana saox,sauroSa kxao Apanao AaOr maihma kox saaqa calanao kxa inaman~aNa dotaI hOx| AaOr sauroSa [sa sahja inaman~aNa kxao {nakox palaayana kox ilayao x"x{kxsaanao vaalaa kxarNax" samaJa baOztaa hOx| kxma sao kxmax,xbaad maoMx,xfusalaa[- ga[- Acalaa kox saamanao Apanao AacarNa kxa vah yahI spaYTIkxrNa dotaa hOx|

83. r}saI Sabd samaUh xx"xlaaoJnaayaa gaaod-stax"x(JaUza gava-) kox ilayao maUla baMgaalaI maoM dao saM&aayaoM hOMx: AiBamaana (do. {}par dI ga[- iTppaNaI 40) AaOr maaoh  êijasao yaha^M x"xjÜaablauJdoinayaox" (Ba`ainta) Sabd sao pa`diSa-ta ikxyaa jaa sakxtaa hOxëx|

111. {maaSaMkxr jaaoSaI [sa paUro pa`saMga kxao  "xkxafÜxI kxalpainakxx" (" rather laboured")xbataatao hOMx,xha^Mlaaikx xx"xsaca jaOsaax" ("fairly plausible") BaI kxhtao hOM (The Golden Book of Saratchandra, p. 29)|xsau. saonagauptaa (Sengupta S.Op.cit.,pp.69-70)  [sa pa`saMga kxa kxafÜxI nafÜxasata Bara hla sauJaatao hOMx,x[sa baata par jÜaaor dotao hue ikx yaha^M Sarta\cand` paazkxaoM kxao Anaumaana lagaanao kxa svaatan~ya dotao hOMx; hao sakxtaa hOx,xikx {sa pairisqaita maoM Acalaa kxao na koxvala svayama\ kxao ramabaabaU kxI dRiYT maoM na igaranao kox kxarNa nao pa`oirta ikxyaa haox,xmagar kuxC AaOr BaI pa`laaoBana haoMgaox,xijanakxI paUrI kÜOxifÜxyata {sanao svayama\ kxao na dI haogaIx|x" Acalaa kox pa`oma maoM ekx inaihta ivaraoQaaBaasa hOx| Acalaa {sa duhrI maanaisakxtaa  (duality )xkox caMgaula maoM f^MxsaI hOx,xjaao maanava kox Aistatva kxI paholaI kxa ekx AMSa hOx" [Sengupta S.Op.cit.,p.70]. tau. naabaaokxaova kxI iTppaNaI x"xAaÙaa kxI ivaica~a duhrI maanaisakxtaax"  (" Anna's curiously dual nature") kox baaro maoM x[Nabokov V. Op.cit.,p.188]. sau. saonagauptaa yah BaI ilaKatao hOM : "x{nhaoMnaox(Sarta\cand` naoàsao.sao.) [na paMi@tayaaoM kox laoKakx kxao yah bataayaa ikx "gaRh dahx"  kxa sabasao Bayaanakx pa`saMga satya par AaQaairta hOx; vao vaastava maMo {sa maihlaa kxao jaanatao qaox,xjaao {na pairisqaitayaaoM kox kxarNax,xjaao Acalaa kxI pairisqaitayaaoM jaOsaI qaIMx,xpaita sao ivaSvaasaGaata kxr baOztaI hOx" [Sengupta S.,Op.cit.,p.22).

112. In the pride of their....passion [{w. Gifford H. (ed.) Tolstoy: A Critical Anthology. Harmondsworth (Penguin Books), 1971 , p. 372].

113. tau. r}saI isanaaoDÜ kxa Anauvaad : " ho ipa`yaaox,xApanaa palaTa na laonaax;xparntau [-SvarIya k`xaoQa kxao Avasar dao | @yaaoMikx ilaKaa hOx,xpalaTa laonaa maora kxama hOx,xpa`Bau kxhtaa hO maOM hI badlaa laUMgaax(raomavaaisayaaoM kxao saMta paa^la kxa saMdoSax,x12x,x19) | saMta paa^la kxa [Saarax,xjÜaaihr hOx,xmaUsaa kxI paa^McavaIM paustakx kox pauranao inayama kox AalaoKa kxI Aaor hOx(vyavasqaaivavarNax,x32 , 35)x: x" palaTa laonaa AaOr badlaa donaa maora hI kxama hOx,xyah {nakox paa^Mva ifÜxsalanao kox samaya pa`kxT haogaa...." |

114. do. {da. : Gustafson R.F. Leo Tolstoy. Resident and Stranger. A Study in Fiction and Theology, Princeton, 1986, p.143ff.

 115. tau. Арденс Н.Н. (Н. Апостолов) Творческий путь Л.Н. Толстого. Москва, 1962, с. 351 – 352.

(Aado-nsa ina.ina. (ina. Apaaostaaolaaova)  lao.ina. Ta^lsTa^ya kxa rcanaatmakx paqa. maa^skxaox,x1962x,xpaR.351à352).

116. tau. {da. [sa ivaYaya par yaUraopaIkRxta koxdar baabaU kxI maRNaala saox,xjaao x"xsaamaanya janax" kxI bauiwma<aa kxao pa`stauta kxrtaI hOx,x[sa ivaYaya par hu[- bahsax,x{panyaasa kox {nacaalaIsavaoM AQyaaya kox Anta maoM | koxdar baabaU kxao maRNaala sao "x[lahama haisala haotaa hOx"à{saI tarh jaOsao "AaÙaa kxaroinanaax" kox Anta maoM laoivana kxao saIQao saado ikxsaana sao xx"x[lahama haisala haotaa hOx"x|

117. tau. kxroM A.sao. sauKaaocaaova kxI iTppaNaIx: x"xsamaya kox saaqa saaqa paiScamaI laoKakxaoM kxI rcanaaAaoM kox pa`yaaoga kox r}pa badlatao gayaox| svaOr AnauvaadaoM AaOr r}paantarNaaoM sao BaartaIya saaihtyakxar isafÜ-x  pa`mauKa kxqaanakx kxI r}paroKaa kox {payaaoga kxI Aaor xcalaox,xAaOr tatpaScaata\ isafÜ-x kuxC svatan~a ivacaaraoM  evama\ maUla ivaYaya kxI Aaorx,xivavaadaspad rcanaaAaoM kox saRjana kxI Aaorx,xijanhoM paiScamaI laoKakxaoM kxI maanyataaAaoM kxao Jauzlaanao kox {_oSya sao ilaKaa gayaa hOx" [(sauKaaocaaova A.sao. kRxSana candr. maa^skxao, 1983, paR. 186).

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